Our city, tho’ laid out with a beautiful regularity, the streets large, strait, and crossing each other at right angles, had the disgrace of suffering those streets to remain long unpav’d, and in wet weather the wheels of heavy carriages plough’d them into a quagmire, so that it was difficult to cross them; and in dry weather the dust was offensive. I had liv’d near what was call’d the Jersey Market, and saw with pain the inhabitants wading in mud while purchasing their provisions. A strip of ground down the middle of that market was at length pav’d with brick, so that, being once in the market, they had firm footing, but were often over shoes in dirt to get there.
虽然我们的城市规划得美观整齐，我们的街道既宽又直，并且相互交错成直角形，但是不幸的是这些街道长期未经修铺路面，每逢雨季沉重的马车轮却把它们翻掘成泥沼，使人裹足不前，在晴天则尘土飞扬，令人难以忍受。我曾经一度住在以前的泽西市场附近，当我看到市民在购买食物时跋涉污泥中的情形，颇感不安。后来在市场中央的一长条地方终于铺上了砖，所以市民们一到市场，就可以脚踏实地了，但是市场外面的街道往往泥泞不堪。
By talking and writing on the subject, I was at length instrumental in getting the street pav’d with stone between the market and the brick’d foot-pavement, that was on each side next the houses. This, for some time, gave an easy access to the market dry-shod; but, the rest of the street not being pav’d, whenever a carriage came out of the mud upon this pavement, it shook off and left its dirt upon it, and it was soon cover’d with mire, which was not remov’d, the city as yet having no scavengers.
我跟人讨论过这件事，我也为它写过文章，我终于使得从市场到住宅前面的砖人行道这一段街道铺上了石板。在某些时间内，这就使得人们可以不弄脏鞋子顺利地到达市场了。但是因为这条街的其他地方都未经铺路，所以每当一辆马车从泥路走上石路时，把它的泥土震动下来，堆在石板上，不久石路上也沾满了泥泞，又没有人去清除这些污泥，因为这时城里还没有清道夫哩！
After some inquiry I found a poor industrious man, who was willing to undertake keeping the pavement clean, by sweeping it twice a week, carrying off the dirt from before all the neighbours’ doors, for the sum of sixpence per month, to be paid by each house. I then wrote and printed a paper setting forth the advantages to the neighbourhood that might be obtain’d by this small expense; the greater ease in keeping our houses clean, so much dirt not being brought in by people’s feet; the benefit to the shops by more custom, etc., etc., as buyers could more easily get at them; and by not having, in windy weather, the dust blown in upon their goods, etc., etc. I sent one of these papers to each house, and in a day or two went round to see who would subscribe an agreement to pay these sixpences; it was unanimously sign’d, and for a time well executed. All the inhabitants of the city were delighted with the cleanliness of the pavement that surrounded the market, it being a convenience to all, and this rais’d a general desire to have all the streets paved, and made the people more willing to submit to a tax for that purpose.
经过了一番调查以后，我找到一个贫穷勤劳的人，他愿意做清道工作，每周扫街两次并把每家门前的垃圾搬走，每家每月出资六便士。接着我就写了一张传单，把它印了出来，指出这一笔小小的费用可能替邻近的人们带来的好处。例如，由人们脚上带进来的泥泞减少了，我们家里就可以比较容易弄干净了；街道清洁后，顾客更容易到店铺来，顾客增多可以增加商店的营业等；在刮风的时候，灰沙不致吹到他们的货物上去等等。我每家分发一张传单，一两天后我跑到各家去访问，看究竟有多少人愿意签订合同支付这六便士。各家毫无例外地都签了合同，在一个时期内这个计划进行得顺利。全市居民对于市场附近街道的清洁，因为它便利了大家，都感到很高兴。这就使得人们普遍地要求把所有街道都修铺起来，同时也使得他们更愿意为铺路而纳税。
After some time I drew a bill for paving the city, and brought it into the Assembly. It was just before I went to England, in 1757, and did not pass till I was gone. and then with an alteration in the mode of assessment, which I thought not for the better, but with an additional provision for lighting as well as paving the streets, which was a great improvement. It was by a private person, the late Mr. John Clifton, his giving a sample of the utility of lamps, by placing one at his door, that the people were first impress’d with the idea of enlighting all the city. The honour of this public benefit has also been ascrib’d to me but it belongs truly to that gentleman. I did but follow his example, and have only some merit to claim respecting the form of our lamps, as differing from the globe lamps we were at first supply’d with from London. Those we found inconvenient in these respects: they admitted no air below; the smoke, therefore, did not readily go out above, but circulated in the globe, lodg’d on its inside, and soon obstructed the light they were intended to afford; giving, besides, the daily trouble of wiping them clean; and an accidental stroke on one of them would demolish it, and render it totally useless. I therefore suggested the composing them of four flat panes, with a long funnel above to draw up the smoke, and crevices admitting air below, to facilitate the ascent of the smoke; by this means they were kept clean, and did not grow dark in a few hours, as the London lamps do, but continu’d bright till morning, and an accidental stroke would generally break but a single pane, easily repair’d.
过了一些时候，我起草了一个替费城铺路的议案，并在州议会中提了出来。这件事发生在一七五七年，刚在我去英国之前，等我离开美洲后，这议案才获得通过，当时在估定税额的方式方面做了某些变更，这些变动我认为是不好的，但通过的议案还附有关于路灯的条款，这倒是一个很大的改进。一个普通老百姓，已故的约翰·克利夫敦先生，曾经把一盏灯装在他门口，这样他就用实际的榜样说明了路灯的效用，人们是从他的实例中首先想到在全城各处点灯的念头的。有人把首创这一件公益事业的光荣归于我，但实在是属于那位先生的。我只是模仿了他的榜样，我只是在改进路灯的形状方面略有微功。我们的路灯跟起初我们从伦敦买来的球状路灯是不同的。这些圆形的路灯有下列缺点：空气不能从下面进去，因此烟煤不能迅速地从上面出去，烟煤只在圆球内打转，黏附在球壁上，不久就阻塞了路灯应发的光线，而且每天需要去擦拭灯罩，如果一不小心碰一下就破了，整个灯罩就变成无用了。因此我建议用四块平玻璃拼凑起来，上面装一长烟囱以便烟煤上升，灯下开裂缝以便空气进去，促进烟煤的上升。这样，灯罩就可保持干净，不至于像伦敦的路灯那样，在几小时内就变成昏暗无光了，路灯就可以不断地光明灿烂直到天明。即使偶然碰一下，一般也只敲破一块玻璃，重配也很方便。
The mention of these improvements puts me in mind of one I propos’d, when in London, to Dr. Fothergill, who was among the best men I have known, and a great promoter of useful projects. I had observ’d that the streets, when dry, were never swept, and the light dust carried away; but it was suffer’d to accumulate till wet weather reduc’d it to mud, and then, after lying some days so deep on the pavement that there was no crossing but in paths kept clean by poor people with brooms, it was with great labour rak’d together and thrown up into carts open above, the sides of which suffer’d some of the slush at every jolt on the pavement to shake out and fall, sometimes to the annoyance of foot-passengers. The reason given for not sweeping the dusty streets was, that the dust would fly into the windows of shops and houses.
提起这些改进，使我想起我在伦敦时曾向方寿节博士建议的一件事。方寿节博士是我认识的人中间最优秀的人之一，是公益事业的一个伟大首创者。我看到在天晴的时候，伦敦的街道是从来没有人去扫的，尘土随风飘扬，听其自然积储起来，一下雨尘土就变成了泥浆，满街泥泞，不堪涉足，除了由穷人拿着扫帚开辟出来的一条小道外，连穿越街道都不可能。这样过了几天后，人们花了很艰巨的劳动把泥浆耙起来，倒进上端敞开的马车中。但是当马车在马路上颠簸时，车身两侧会震出烂泥来，掉在路上，有时使路人感到烦恼。伦敦市民之所以不扫除街上尘土的理由据说是因为怕尘土会飞进商店和住宅的窗户。
I have sometimes wonder’d that the Londoners did not, from the effect holes in the bottom of the globe lamps us’d at Vauxhall have in keeping them clean, learn to have such holes in their street lamps. But, these holes being made for another purpose, viz., to communicate flame more suddenly to the wick by a little flax hanging down thro’ them, the other use, of letting in air, seems not to have been thought of; and therefore, after the lamps have been lit a few hours, the streets of London are very poorly illuminated.
伦敦伏克斯可花园的球状灯底下的孔洞使得灯罩干净，我有时候觉得很奇怪为什么伦敦市民没有想到在他们的路灯底下同样地也开几个孔。果然他们的路灯底下也有孔，但是这些孔洞是别有用途的，那就是，用麻线穿过这些孔洞悬挂下来，使得火焰能够迅速地传递到灯心。至于放入空气的用途，他们好像并没有想到，因此，路灯点了几小时以后，伦敦街上已经暗淡无光了。
I then judg’d that, if that feeble woman could sweep such a street in three hours, a strong, active man might have done it in half the time. And here let me remark the convenience of having but one gutter in such a narrow street, running down its middle, instead of two, one on each side, near the footway; for where all the rain that falls on a street runs from the sides and meets in the middle, it forms there a current strong enough to wash away all the mud it meets with; but when divided into two channels, it is often too weak to cleanse either, and only makes the mud it finds more fluid, so that the wheels of carriages and feet of horses throw and dash it upon the foot-pavement, which is thereby rendered foul and slippery, and sometimes splash it upon those who are walking. My proposal, communicated to the good doctor, was as follows:
当时我认为假如一个虚弱的妇人可以在三小时内扫这样一条街，一个强壮敏捷的男子或许只要一半的时间就可以办到。在这里让我说明，在这样狭窄的街道中，与其两边靠近人行道处各有明沟一条，不如在街道中央开一条沟较为便利，因为当一条街上的全部雨水从两边集中在中央时，它在中央形成一股急流，有足够的力量可以冲洗掉它所接触到的全部泥土。但是如果把它分成两路，水流就常常太弱，不能冲洗掉两边的泥土，只不过使它所接触到的泥土更加稀烂，所以车轮和马脚就把它泼溅在人行道上，因此使得人行道肮脏泞滑，有时也会把泥浆溅在路人身上。我曾向这位善良的博士提出了如下的建议：
An accidental occurrence had instructed me how much sweeping might be done in a little time. I found at my door in Craven-street, one morning, a poor woman sweeping my pavement with a birch broom; she appeared very pale and feeble, as just come out of a fit of sickness. I ask’d who employ’d her to sweep there; she said, “Nobody, but I am very poor and in distress, and I sweeps before gentlefolkses doors, and hopes they will give me something.” I bid her sweep the whole street clean, and I would give her a shilling; this was at nine o’clock; at 12 she came for the shilling. From the slowness I saw at first in her working, I could scarce believe that the work was done so soon, and sent my servant to examine it, who reported that the whole street was swept perfectly clean, and all the dust plac’d in the gutter, which was in the middle; and the next rain wash’d it quite away, so that the pavement and even the kennel were perfectly clean.
一件偶然发生的事情使我知道扫街原花不了多少时间。一天早晨，在我克雷文街寓所的门口，我看见一个穷苦的妇人拿着一把桦树枝扫帚在扫我门前的人行道，她看上去很苍白很软弱，好像大病初愈的样子。我问她谁雇用她来扫街，她说：“谁也没有雇用我，但是我穷苦不堪，我在富贵人家门前扫地，我希望他们会给我一点钱。”我要她把整条街扫干净，我愿意给她一先令。当时是九时整，在十二点钟时她来要钱了。我起初看她动作很迟缓，我简直不能相信这件事那么快就做完了。我派我的仆人去看个究竟，他回来报告说整条街扫得一干二净，所有尘土都放在路中央的明沟中了。下一次下雨的时候，就把尘土冲走，所以人行道，甚至陰沟，都十分干净了。
“For the more effectual cleaning and keeping clean the streets of London and Westminster, it is proposed that the several watchmen be contracted with to have the dust swept up in dry seasons, and the mud rak’d up at other times, each in the several streets and lanes of his round; that they be furnish’d with brooms and other proper instruments for these purposes, to be kept at their respective stands, ready to furnish the poor people they may employ in the service.
为了更有效地打扫和保持伦敦和韦斯敏斯德的街道清洁起见，本人建议雇用守更人若干名，在干旱的季节里扫除泥土，在雨季里耙刮泥泞，每名看守人负责巡逻几条大街小巷。他们要置备扫帚和其他清道用具，放置在一定的场所，以便他们所雇用的穷人扫街之用。
“That in the dry summer months the dust be all swept up into heaps at proper distances, before the shops and windows of houses are usually opened, when the scavengers, with close-covered carts, shall also carry it all away.
在干旱的夏季里，在通常商店开始营业和住家打开窗户之前，每隔适当距离，将垃圾集成一堆，清道夫将用紧闭的车子把它全部运走。
“That the mud, when rak’d up, be not left in heaps to be spread abroad again by the wheels of carriages and trampling of horses, but that the scavengers be provided with bodies of carts, not plac’d high upon wheels, but low upon sliders, with lattice bottoms, which, being cover’d with straw, will retain the mud thrown into them, and permit the water to drain from it, whereby it will become much lighter, water making the greatest part of its weight; these bodies of carts to be plac’d at convenient distances, and the mud brought to them in wheel-barrows; they remaining where plac’d till the mud is drain’d, and then horses brought to draw them away.”
耙集在一起的泥土不要堆积在街上，免得车轮和马足又把它散播开去。清道夫应备有若干车辆，车身不是高高地装在车轮上，而是低低地装在滑盘上。车底用格子构成，上铺稻草，可以保持倒入的污泥，允许水分从底下排出，这样泥浆的分量将大大减轻，因为其中大部分重量是水。这种车辆应放置在适当距离的地方，泥浆将用手推车运来，泥车将停留原处直到水分排干时，然后用马匹把它们拖走。
I have since had doubts of the practicability of the latter part of this proposal, on account of the narrowness of some streets, and the difficulty of placing the draining-sleds so as not to encumber too much the passage; but I am still of opinion that the former, requiring the dust to be swept up and carry’d away before the shops are open, is very practicable in the summer, when the days are long; for, in walking thro’ the Strand and Fleet-street one morning at seven o’clock, I observ’d there was not one shop open, tho’ it had been daylight and the sun up above three hours; the inhabitants of London chusing voluntarily to live much by candle-light, and sleep by sunshine, and yet often complain, a little absurdly, of the duty on candles and the high price of tallow.
从那时以后我对这个建议的后半部是否切实可行，有点怀疑了，因为有些街道很狭窄，泥车放在那里就不能不占去太多的地位，以致阻塞交通，但是我还以为那前半部（主张在商店营业前扫清街道运走垃圾），在夏天是切实可行的，因为夏天日子长。有一天早晨七点钟，我走过伦敦河滨街和佛里特街，看见虽然天已经亮了，太陽已经出来三小时多了，可是还没有一家店铺开门。伦敦的市民宁愿在烛光下生活，在白天睡觉，但是在另一方面，他们常常抱怨烛税太高，烛价过昂，真有点荒唐哩。
Some may think these trifling matters not worth minding or relating; but when they consider that tho’ dust blown into the eyes of a single person, or into a single shop on a windy day, is but of small importance, yet the great number of the instances in a populous city, and its frequent repetitions give it weight and consequence, perhaps they will not censure very severely those who bestow some attention to affairs of this seemingly low nature. Human felicity is produc’d not so much by great pieces of good fortune that seldom happen, as by little advantages that occur every day. Thus, if you teach a poor young man to shave himself, and keep his razor in order, you may contribute more to the happiness of his life than in giving him a thousand guineas. The money may be soon spent, the regret only remaining of having foolishly consumed it; but in the other case, he escapes the frequent vexation of waiting for barbers, and of their sometimes dirty fingers, offensive breaths, and dull razors; he shaves when most convenient to him, and enjoys daily the pleasure of its being done with a good instrument. With these sentiments I have hazarded the few preceding pages, hoping they may afford hints which some time or other may be useful to a city I love, having lived many years in it very happily, and perhaps to some of our towns in America.
也许有人以为这些小事不值得留心或加以叙述。虽然在刮风的时候，灰沙吹进一个人的眼睛或是一家店铺，那是小事，但是假如他们考虑到在人口众多的城市里有千千万万的人或店铺受到灰沙的袭击以及这些袭击的经常反复，他们就会觉得这是一件重要的大事，可能他们就不会过分地非难那些留意这些似乎微不足道的事项的人了。造成人类幸福的与其说是千载难逢的巨大的幸运，倒不如说是每日发生的细小的方便。所以如果你教会一个贫穷的年轻人自己修面，保养他的剃刀，你对他一生幸福所做的贡献可能比给他一千金币还大。钱可能很快地花光，只留下了用钱不当的懊恨。但是假如教会他自己修面，他就可以避免经常等待理发师修面的麻烦，避免理发师有时候肮脏的手指，令人不快的呼吸和迟钝的剃刀。他可以在最方便的时候修面，每天享受用锋利剃刀修面的快乐。在这种思想的支配之下，我冒昧地写下了前面这几页，希望它们包含了一些启发性的东西。这些东西可能有时对我亲爱的城市（我在这城里快乐地住了许多年了），或许对我们美洲的其他城市不无参考的价值。
Having been for some time employed by the postmaster-general of America as his comptroller in regulating several offices, and bringing the officers to account, I was, upon his death in 1753, appointed, jointly with Mr. William Hunter, to succeed him, by a commission from the postmaster-general in England. The American office never had hitherto paid any thing to that of Britain. We were to have six hundred pounds a year between us, if we could make that sum out of the profits of the office. To do this, a variety of improvements were necessary; some of these were inevitably at first expensive, so that in the first four years the office became above nine hundred pounds in debt to us. But it soon after began to repay us; and before I was displac’d by a freak of the ministers, of which I shall speak hereafter, we had brought it to yield three times as much clear revenue to the crown as the postoffice of Ireland. Since that imprudent transaction, they have receiv’d from it — not one farthing!
在一段时间内我被美洲邮政总长委任为他的会计检查员，管理若干邮政分局并监督邮局职员。在一七五三年当他过世时，我和威廉·罕特一同被英国的邮政总长委任为美洲邮政总长，继任他的遗职，在这以前美洲的邮局从没有向英国的邮局上缴过利润。我们两人的年薪是六百镑，假如我们可以从邮局的盈余中获得这一数目的话。为了要达到这一目的，我们得做许多改进工作，其中有几项在刚开始时不可避免地要花费许多钱，所以在起初的四年中邮局欠了我们薪金达九百余镑之多。但是不久邮局就开始付清我们的欠薪了。当英王政府的大臣们异想天开地把我免职时（我以后还要提到此事），我们已经使得它向英王政府上缴的净收益较爱尔兰邮局多三倍之多。自从他们轻举妄动地把我免职以后，他们连一文钱也没有拿到过。
The business of the postoffice occasion’d my taking a journey this year to New England, where the College of Cambridge, of their own motion, presented me with the degree of Master of Arts. Yale College, in Connecticut, had before made me a similar compliment. Thus, without studying in any college, I came to partake of their honours. They were conferr’d in consideration of my improvements and discoveries in the electric branch of natural philosophy.
邮局的事务使我在这一年到新英格兰去旅行了一趟。新英格兰的剑桥大学自动地赠我文学硕士学位。康涅狄格州的耶鲁大学以前也授与过我一个类似的学位。这样，虽然我没有受过大学教育，却获得大学的荣誉。这些学位的赠予是由于我在物理学电学部分中有所改进和发明。
In 1754, war with France being again apprehended, a congress of commissioners from the different colonies was, by an order of the Lords of Trade, to be assembled at Albany, there to confer with the chiefs of the Six Nations concerning the means of defending both their country and ours. Governor Hamilton, having receiv’d this order, acquainted the House with it, requesting they would furnish proper presents for the Indians, to be given on this occasion; and naming the speaker (Mr. Norris) and myself to join Mr. Thomas Penn and Mr. Secretary Peters as commissioners to act for Pennsylvania. The House approv’d the nomination, and provided the goods for the present, and tho’ they did not much like treating out of the provinces; and we met the other commissioners at Albany about the middle of June.
在一七五四年跟法国发生战争的危险又来临了，商务大臣命令各殖民地的代表在奥尔巴尼举行代表大会，会同印第安人“六个民族”的酋长共同商讨防御彼此国境的问题。哈密尔敦州长在接到这个命令之后，就通知州议会，并请州议会提供适当礼品，以备在开会时赠送给印第安人。州长提议由我和议长（诺利斯先生）会同汤麦斯·潘先生和秘书彼得斯先生组成宾夕法尼亚代表团。州议会就通过了这个名单，提供了礼品，虽然议员们不大赞成在宾州以外进行谈判。我们和其他代表团约在六月中旬在奥尔巴尼集会。
In our way thither, I projected and drew a plan for the union of all the colonies under one government, so far as might be necessary for defense, and other important general purposes. As we pass’d thro’ New York, I had there shown my project to Mr. James Alexander and Mr. Kennedy, two gentlemen of great knowledge in public affairs, and, being fortified by their approbation, I ventur’d to lay it before the Congress. It then appeared that several of the commissioners had form’d plans of the same kind. A previous question was first taken, whether a union should be established, which pass’d in the affirmative unanimously. A committee was then appointed, one member from each colony, to consider the several plans and report. Mine happen’d to be preferr’d, and, with a few amendments, was accordingly reported.
在赴会途中，按照国防和其他重大共同事业的可能需要，我拟订了一个计划，把各殖民地联合在一个共同的政府之下。当我们经过纽约时，我把我的计划给詹姆士·亚历山大先生和坎纳德先生看。这两位绅士对于政治是颇有研究的。他们的赞同给了我信心，我就大胆地在代表大会中提了出来。当时好像有好几个代表都制订了同样的计划。我们首先讨论了一个先决问题：究竟是否应当组织一个联邦？我们一致通过了要建立一个联邦。然后我们指定了一个委员会，考虑关于联邦的各种计划和报告，该委员会由每一殖民地各派一名委员组成。委员会碰巧选择了我的计划，于是经过了一些修改以后，我的计划就被报请州议会考虑采纳了。
By this plan the general government was to be administered by a president-general, appointed and supported by the crown, and a grand council was to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, met in their respective assemblies. The debates upon it in Congress went on daily, hand in hand with the Indian business. Many objections and difficulties were started, but at length they were all overcome, and the plan was unanimously agreed to, and copies ordered to be transmitted to the Board of Trade and to the assemblies of the several provinces. Its fate was singular: the assemblies did not adopt it, as they all thought there was too much prerogative in it, and in England it was judg’d to have too much of the democratic.
按照这个计划，联邦政府将由总统一人管辖，总统由英王委任并受英王节制。各殖民地州议会中人民代表选举内阁阁员。在代表大会中，代表们一面讨论着印第安人事务，一面却讨论着这个计划。代表们提出了许多不同意见，但是他们终于克服了各种困难，全体一致把它通过了，并把抄本寄送商务部和各州的州议会。这个计划的结局是很奇特的：各地的州议会不赞成这个计划，因为它们都认为联邦政府的特权太大了，但是在英国人们却认为这个联邦政府太民主了。
The Board of Trade therefore did not approve of it, nor recommend it for the approbation of his majesty; but another scheme was form’d, supposed to answer the same purpose better, whereby the governors of the provinces, with some members of their respective councils, were to meet and order the raising of troops, building of forts, etc., and to draw on the treasury of Great Britain for the expense, which was afterwards to be refunded by an act of Parliament laying a tax on America. My plan, with my reasons in support of it, is to be found among my political papers that are printed.
因此商务部不赞成，也没有提请英王批准。有人提出了另一个计划，据说它更符合要求。按照这种计划，由各州州长和部分参事会同商量练兵和修建炮台等事宜。所需费用由大不列颠国库垫付，事后由议会向美洲殖民地征税来偿还。我的计划和支持我这个计划的理由可以在我已经印行的政治论文集中找到。
Look round the habitable world, how few Know their own good, or, knowing it, pursue!
环顾四海，看得清自己利益的人，或是看见以后能够急起直追的人何其稀少！
Being the winter following in Boston, I had much conversation with Governor Shirley upon both the plans. Part of what passed between us on the occasion may also be seen among those papers. The different and contrary reasons of dislike to my plan makes me suspect that it was really the true medium; and I am still of opinion it would have been happy for both sides the water if it had been adopted. The colonies, so united, would have been sufficiently strong to have defended themselves; there would then have been no need of troops from England; of course, the subsequent pretence for taxing America, and the bloody contest it occasioned, would have been avoided. But such mistakes are not new; history is full of the errors of states and princes.
那年冬天我在波士顿，我常常跟瑟力州长讨论这两个计划。我们之间关于这一问题的部分谈话也可以在这些政治论文中找到。人们用不同的、相反的理由反对我这个计划，这就使我猜想它实在是一个真正折中的办法。到现在我还以为假如当年我们采纳了这一计划，对大西洋两岸都有好处。按着这个计划联合起来之后，殖民地一定会有足够的自卫能力，那就不需要英国的驻军了，当然也就没有以后向美洲征税的借口了，因课税而引起的流血斗争也都可以避免了。但是这种错误并不是绝无仅有的，历史上有过许许多多由国家和帝王所造成的错误。
Those who govern, having much business on their hands, do not generally like to take the trouble of considering and carrying into execution new projects. The best public measures are therefore seldom adopted from previous wisdom, but forc’d by the occasion.
执政的人，因为事务繁忙，一般都怕麻烦，不喜欢考虑或是执行新的计划。因此大多数优良的议案不是经过事前的深思熟虑才被采纳的，而是由于时势所迫勉强地被接受的。
The Governor of Pennsylvania, in sending it down to the Assembly, express’d his approbation of the plan, “as appearing to him to be drawn up with great clearness and strength of judgment, and therefore recommended it as well worthy of their closest and most serious attention.” The House, however, by the management of a certain member, took it up when I happen’d to be absent, which I thought not very fair, and reprobated it without paying any attention to it at all, to my no small mortification.
当宾夕法尼亚的州长把我的计划送交州议会时，他表示赞同，认为“在他看来这一计划似乎判断精彻，言之有理，持之有故，因此值得州议会加以最细心的和认真的考虑”。但是有一个议员使用了一个狡猾的策略，趁我偶然缺席的机会，使州议会讨论了这一议案，而且完全不加考虑，马马虎虎地否定了它，我不但认为这种策术十分鬼鬼祟祟，完全不正派，而且对于结果表示十分遗憾。
In my journey to Boston this year, I met at New York with our new governor, Mr. Morris, just arriv’d there from England, with whom I had been before intimately acquainted. He brought a commission to supersede Mr. Hamilton, who, tir’d with the disputes his proprietary instructions subjected him to, had resign’d. Mr. Morris ask’d me if I thought he must expect as uncomfortable an administration. I said, “No; you may, on the contrary, have a very comfortable one, if you will only take care not to enter into any dispute with the Assembly.” “My dear friend,” says he, pleasantly, “how can you advise my avoiding disputes? You know I love disputing; it is one of my greatest pleasures; however, to show the regard I have for your counsel, I promise you I will, if possible, avoid them.” He had some reason for loving to dispute, being eloquent, an acute sophister, and, therefore, generally successful in argumentative conversation. He had been brought up to it from a boy, his father, as I have heard, accustoming his children to dispute with one another for his diversion, while sitting at table after dinner; but I think the practice was not wise; for, in the course of my observation, these disputing, contradicting, and confuting people are generally unfortunate in their affairs. They get victory sometimes, but they never get good will, which would be of more use to them. We parted, he going to Philadelphia, and I to Boston.
这一年在赴波士顿的途中，我在纽约遇见我们的新州长莫理斯先生，他刚从英国来，以前我跟他很熟。他奉命来接替哈密尔敦先生，后者因为受了业主训令的约束不可避免地要与州议会发生争执，因而感到厌倦而辞职了。莫理斯先生问我，在我看来是否他也会像前任州长一样地感到处境困难，办事棘手。我说：“不，相反的，如果你留心不跟州议会发生争辩，你的处境可以一帆风顺，完全称心如意。”他愉快地说：“我亲爱的朋友，你怎么能劝我避免争辩呢？你知道我喜欢跟人争辩，争辩是我一生中最大的快乐。但是，为了表示我尊重你的劝告，我向你保证我将尽可能地避免争辩。”他爱好争辩，倒也不是完全没有理由的，因为他能说善辩，是一个精明的巧辩家，因此在争辩中一般总是胜利的。他在这方面从小就训练有素，据说他的父亲饭后坐在桌旁，常常使他的孩子们互相争辩以为消遣，但是我想这种做法是不明智的，因为根据我的观察，凡是喜欢争论、抗辩和辩驳的人在工作中一般总是倒霉的。尽管有时候他们获得胜利，人们总是憎恨他们的，获得人们的好意对他们比胜利更为有用。我们分手了，他到费城去，我上波士顿。
One afternoon, in the height of this public quarrel, we met in the street. “Franklin,” says he, “you must go home with me and spend the evening; I am to have some company that you will like;” and, taking me by the arm, he led me to his house. In gay conversation over our wine, after supper, he told us, jokingly, that he much admir’d the idea of Sancho Panza, who, when it was proposed to give him a government, requested it might be a government of blacks, as then, if he could not agree with his people, he might sell them. One of his friends, who sat next to me, says, “Franklin, why do you continue to side with these damn’d Quakers? Had not you better sell them? The proprietor would give you a good price.” “The governor,” says I, “has not yet blacked them enough.” He, indeed, had labored hard to blacken the Assembly in all his messages, but they wip’d off his coloring as fast as he laid it on, and plac’d it, in return, thick upon his own face; so that, finding he was likely to be negrofied himself, he, as well as Mr. Hamilton, grew tir’d of the contest, and quitted the government.
有一天下午，正当这公务上的争吵达到高潮时，我们在街上碰到了。他说：“富兰克林，请你跟我一块儿到我家去消磨一个晚上。我有一些朋友要来，你会喜欢他们的。”他挽着我的胳臂，领我到他家去了。饭后，我们一面喝着酒，一面愉快地谈天，他开玩笑地对我们说，他很喜欢桑绰·潘查的想法，当有人提议叫他做国王时，他请求让他统治黑奴，因为那么做，如果他和他的人民意见不合时，他可以把他们卖掉。有一个坐在我旁边的他的朋友说：“富兰克林，你为什么始终偏袒这些该死的教友会教友？你把他们卖了，不是更好吗？我们的业主愿意高价收买哩！”我说：“州长还没有把他们涂得够黑哩！”他确实在他所有的咨文中竭尽其能事地想把州议会涂成漆黑一团，但是州长刚把黑色涂上，州议会便尽快地把它擦去，而且把它回敬给他，涂在他自己的脸上，所以当他发现看来他自己将变成黑人的时候，他像哈密尔敦先生一样，对于这种争执感到厌倦了，他就辞职了。
In returning, I met at New York with the votes of the Assembly, by which it appear’d that, notwithstanding his promise to me, he and the House were already in high contention; and it was a continual battle between them as long as he retain’d the government. I had my share of it; for, as soon as I got back to my seat in the Assembly, I was put on every committee for answering his speeches and messages, and by the committees always desired to make the drafts. Our answers, as well as his messages, were often tart, and sometimes indecently abusive; and, as he knew I wrote for the Assembly, one might have imagined that, when we met, we could hardly avoid cutting throats; but he was so good-natur’d a man that no personal difference between him and me was occasion’d by the contest, and we often din’d together.
在归途中，我在纽约看到了州议会的议决案，从这些议决案看来，好像尽管他向我做了保证，他和州议会的关系已经十分恶劣了；在他任职时期，他和州议会之间一直是你槍我刀，不断地斗争着。我也参加了这场斗争，因为我一回到州议会，他们就要我参加各种各样的委员会，驳复他的讲演和咨文，而委员会总要我起草这些文件。我们的答复和他的咨文常常是很尖酸刻薄，有时竟是粗鄙的谩骂。他知道这些答复是我替州议会写的，因此人们也许以为当我们见面时，我们难免要唇槍舌剑一番。但是他却是一个居心忠厚的人，所以我们两人间并不因这些争执而引起个人的嫌隙。我们还常常在一起吃饭哩！
These public quarrels were all at bottom owing to the proprietaries, our hereditary governors, who, when any expense was to be incurred for the defense of their province, with incredible meanness instructed their deputies to pass no act for levying the necessary taxes, unless their vast estates were in the same act expressly excused; and they had even taken bonds of these deputies to observe such instructions. The Assemblies for three years held out against this injustice, tho’ constrained to bend at last. At length Captain Denny, who was Governor Morris’s successor, ventured to disobey those instructions; how that was brought about I shall show hereafter.
这些公务上争执的终极原因是业主，他们是我们世袭的州长，每当为了防御他们的领地而需要负担费用时，他们的吝啬小气是令人难以置信的，他们训令他们的代理人不让征收必须捐税的议案通过成为法令，除非在同一法令中明文规定他们巨大的财产获得豁免。他们甚至要他们的代表具结担保遵守他们的训令。州议会连续三年坚决反对这种非正义行为，虽然最后它终于不得不屈服了。最后，继任莫理斯州长的田尼上尉终于大胆地拒绝执行这些训令了。这件事的经过情形我将在下文叙述。
War being in a manner commenced with France, the government of Massachusetts Bay projected an attack upon Crown Point, and sent Mr. Quincy to Pennsylvania, and Mr. Pownall, afterward Governor Pownall, to New York, to solicit assistance. As I was in the Assembly, knew its temper, and was Mr. Quincy’s countryman, he appli’d to me for my influence and assistance. I dictated his address to them, which was well receiv’d. They voted an aid of ten thousand pounds, to be laid out in provisions. But the governor refusing his assent to their bill (which included this with other sums granted for the use of the crown), unless a clause were inserted exempting the proprietary estate from bearing any part of the tax that would be necessary, the Assembly, tho’ very desirous of making their grant to New England effectual, were at a loss how to accomplish it. Mr. Quincy labored hard with the governor to obtain his assent, but he was obstinate.
在某种意义上对法的战争已经开始了，马萨诸塞州准备进攻王冠岬，派遣了昆瑟先生到宾夕法尼亚，鲍纳尔（后来成为鲍纳尔州长）到纽约去求援。因为我是州议员，熟悉议会里的情况，又是昆瑟先生的同乡，所以他便要我利用我的地位帮助他。我口授了他向州议会发表的演说，这篇演讲的反响良好。州议会通过一万镑的援助，用来购买粮秣。但是州长拒绝批准州议会的议案（该议案包括这笔援助和其他给英王的津贴），除非议案中加入一条，豁免业主的财产支付任何因此而需要缴纳的捐税。虽然州议会极想使得他们对新英格兰的援助成为有效，但是不知道应当如何进行。昆瑟先生努力敦促州长加以批准，但是他很顽固。
But I am got forward too fast with my story: there are still some transactions to be mention’d that happened during the administration of Governor Morris.
但是我讲得太快，抢到故事的前面去了，在莫理斯州长任内，还有几件事需要一提。
I then suggested a method of doing the business without the governor, by orders on the trustees of the Loan Office, which, by law, the Assembly had the right of drawing. There was, indeed, little or no money at that time in the office, and therefore I propos’d that the orders should be payable in a year, and to bear an interest of five per cent. With these orders I suppos’d the provisions might easily be purchas’d. The Assembly, with very little hesitation, adopted the proposal. The orders were immediately printed, and I was one of the committee directed to sign and dispose of them. The fund for paying them was the interest of all the paper currency then extant in the province upon loan, together with the revenue arising from the excise, which being known to be more than sufficient, they obtain’d instant credit, and were not only receiv’d in payment for the provisions, but many money’d people, who had cash lying by them, vested it in those orders, which they found advantageous, as they bore interest while upon hand, and might on any occasion be used as money; so that they were eagerly all bought up, and in a few weeks none of them were to be seen. Thus this important affair was by my means compleated. My Quincy return’d thanks to the Assembly in a handsome memorial, went home highly pleas’d with the success of his embassy, and ever after bore for me the most cordial and affectionate friendship.
那时我提出了一个办法，不需要州长就可办到，那就是开贷款局董事的汇单。按照法律，州议会有权开该项汇单。事实上，贷款局当时没有多少存款，因此我提议这些汇单应当在一年中兑现，并且负担五厘的利息。我以为用这些汇单或许可以顺利地购得粮秣。州议会毫不踌躇地采纳了我的建议。这些汇单立即印制了，而我是指定签署和推销这些汇单的委员之一。收回这些汇单的经费是当时全州纸币贷款的利息和消费税的收入，这两者用来收回汇单大家知道是绰然有余的，因此立即获得了人们的信任，它们不但用来支付粮秣的费用，而且许多有钱人，手边有闲钱，就把钱投放在这些汇单上。他们发现这种投资是很有利的，因为当这些汇单在手上时它们有利息，在任何时候它们可当作现金使用，所以它们全部被抢光了，在几个礼拜以后，便销售一空了。这样，通过我的方法，这件要事是完成了。在他致州议会的措辞文雅的备忘录中，昆瑟先生表示了谢意，回家时因自己使命的完成而感到兴高采烈，并且从此以后他对我有着最深厚诚挚的友谊了。
We found the general at Frederictown, waiting impatiently for the return of those he had sent thro’ the back parts of Maryland and Virginia to collect waggons. I stayed with him several days, din’d with him daily, and had full opportunity of removing all his prejudices, by the information of what the Assembly had before his arrival actually done, and were still willing to do, to facilitate his operations. When I was about to depart, the returns of waggons to be obtained were brought in, by which it appear’d that they amounted only to twenty-five, and not all of those were in serviceable condition. The general and all the officers were surpris’d, declar’d the expedition was then at an end, being impossible, and exclaim’d against the ministers for ignorantly landing them in a country destitute of the means of conveying their stores, baggage, etc., not less than one hundred and fifty waggons being necessary.
我们在弗雷德利敦找到了这位将军，他很焦急地等待他副官们的回来，他派他们遍访马里兰和弗吉尼亚的边缘地区去收集车辆。我跟他在一起呆了好几天，每天和他一同进餐，我有充足的机会解除他的全部成见，我告诉他为了帮助他作战，州议会在他到达前已经做了的事，而且现在还是愿意尽力协助。当我正要动身回来的时候，收集运货马车的统计数字送来了，根据这些数字好像只有二十五辆车子，而且其中有些还是破旧不堪的。将军和他的副官们惊惶失措，认为这次征伐完蛋了，因为它无法进行了，他们怒骂英国政府愚昧无知地叫他们在缺乏运输粮秣行李等工具的地带登陆，因为他们至少需要一百五十辆运货马车。
The British government, not chusing to permit the union of the colonies as propos’d at Albany, and to trust that union with their defense, lest they should thereby grow too military, and feel their own strength, suspicions and jealousies at this time being entertain’d of them, sent over General Braddock with two regiments of regular English troops for that purpose. He landed at Alexandria, in Virginia, and thence march’d to Frederictown, in Maryland, where he halted for carriages. Our Assembly apprehending, from some information, that he had conceived violent prejudices against them, as averse to the service, wish’d me to wait upon him, not as from them, but as postmaster-general, under the guise of proposing to settle with him the mode of conducting with most celerity and certainty the despatches between him and the governors of the several provinces, with whom he must necessarily have continual correspondence, and of which they propos’d to pay the expense. My son accompanied me on this journey.
英国政府不肯允许各殖民地按照奥尔巴尼的建议联合起来，也不愿意让这个联邦建立它们自己的国防，恐怕殖民地的武装力量会因此过分强大，因而意识到殖民地自己的力量。这时候英国政府对各殖民地已经怀着猜疑和忌妒的态度，因此它派遣了布剌多克将军和两个联队的英国正规军队渡海来美洲作为驻防军。他在弗吉尼亚的亚历山大里亚登陆，从此向马里兰的弗雷德利敦进军，在这里他停止前进，等候车辆。我们的州议会听说这位将军对州议会有极强烈的成见，以为州议会反对他的军队，所以要我以邮务总长的身份，不是以议会的名义去拜访他，假装跟他商量，用最迅速稳妥的办法传递他与各州州长之间的信件，因为他必然要继续不断地与他们联系。各州州长建议邮递费用由他们负担。我儿子这一次随我同行。
LANCASTER, April 26, 1755.
一七五五年四月二十六日，兰加斯德
I happened to say I thought it was a pity they had not been landed rather in Pennsylvania, as in that country almost every farmer had his waggon. The general eagerly laid hold of my words, and said, “Then you, sir, who are a man of interest there, can probably procure them for us; and I beg you will undertake it.” I ask’d what terms were to be offer’d the owners of the waggons; and I was desir’d to put on paper the terms that appeared to me necessary. This I did, and they were agreed to, and a commission and instructions accordingly prepar’d immediately. What those terms were will appear in the advertisement I publish’d as soon as I arriv’d at Lancaster, which being, from the great and sudden effect it produc’d, a piece of some curiosity, I shall insert it at length, as follows: “ADVERTISEMENT.”
碰巧我说了句可惜他们不在宾夕法尼亚登陆，因为那里几乎每一农家都有运货马车。那位将军马上抓住我这句话，他说：“那么，先生，你在那里是一个有地位的人，也许你能够替我们设法搞到这些车辆，我恳请你承办这件事。”我问他愿意给马车主人怎样的报酬，他就要我把我认为必需的报酬写在纸上。我照办了，他就同意这些报酬，于是马上准备了委托书和训令。我一到兰加斯德马上就登了一个广告，这些报酬可以在广告中找到。这个广告产生了巨大迅速的效果，所以倒是一个有趣的文件，我将全文插入。原文如下：广告
“Whereas, one hundred and fifty waggons, with four horses to each waggon, and fifteen hundred saddle or pack horses, are wanted for the service of his majesty’s forces now about to rendezvous at Will’s Creek, and his excellency General Braddock having been pleased to empower me to contract for the hire of the same, I hereby give notice that I shall attend for that purpose at Lancaster from this day to next Wednesday evening, and at York from next Thursday morning till Friday evening, where I shall be ready to agree for waggons and teams, or single horses, on the following terms, viz.:
兹因英王陛下的军队即将在威尔港集合，需要一百五十辆运货马车，每辆配备马四匹，和一千五百匹鞍马或驮马，布剌多克将军大人授权与我订立雇用上述车马的合同。我谨此通知，从即日起到下星期三晚上为止我将在兰加斯德，从下星期四上午起到星期五晚上为止我将在约克办理此事。在上述两地租用车辆、牲口联队或单独马匹的费用如下：
2. That the pay commence from the time of their joining the forces at Will’s Creek, which must be on or before the 20th of May ensuing, and that a reasonable allowance be paid over and above for the time necessary for their travelling to Will’s Creek and home again after their discharge.
二、各种车马的租费概从加入威尔港部队之日起计算。车辆马匹必须在下月（五月）二十日以前向威尔港部队报到。除了规定的租金以外，对于往返旅途的必需时间将给与适当的补贴。
3. Each waggon and team, and every saddle or pack horse, is to be valued by indifferent persons chosen between me and the owner; and in case of the loss of any waggon, team, or other horse in the service, the price according to such valuation is to be allowed and paid.
三、每一辆马车和牲口联队，每一匹鞍马或驭马应由我和物主共同选定的公正人士加以估价，假如任何车辆、牲口联队或马匹在军役中遗失，就应照价赔偿。
4. Seven days’ pay is to be advanced and paid in hand by me to the owner of each waggon and team, or horse, at the time of contracting, if required, and the remainder to be paid by General Braddock, or by the paymaster of the army, at the time of their discharge, or from time to time, as it shall be demanded.
四、在订合同时，如有必要，物主可向我预支七天的租金，余款将由布剌多克将军或军需官在解雇时或按照需要在其他时候支付。
1. That there shall be paid for each waggon, with four good horses and a driver, fifteen shillings per diem; and for each able horse with a pack-saddle, or other saddle and furniture, two shillings per diem; and for each able horse without a saddle, eighteen pence per diem.
一、备有良马四匹和御者一人的马车，每日每辆付与十五先令，配有驭鞍一个或其他马鞍和设备的健壮马匹，每日每匹付与两先令。没有马鞍配备的健壮马匹，每日每匹付与十八便士。
6. All oats, Indian corn, or other forage that waggons or horses bring to the camp, more than is necessary for the subsistence of the horses, is to be taken for the use of the army, and a reasonable price paid for the same.
六、凡由马车或马匹运抵军营的一切燕麦、玉蜀黍或其他饲料，除饲养马匹必需者外，概由军队按照合理价格加以收购，以供军用。
5. No drivers of waggons, or persons taking care of the hired horses, are on any account to be called upon to do the duty of soldiers, or be otherwise employed than in conducting or taking care of their carriages or horses.
五、马车的御者或照料雇用马匹的马夫在任何情形下决不命其履行兵士的职务或其他照料车马以外的工作。
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