The effort to save the environment derives much of its political popularity from the impact of immediate personal inconveniences: a sewage polluted beach, the smog that leaves one’s eyes watering, the black granules of soot that drift in through an open window, traffic jams, noise, the smoking vehicles and industries.
拯救环境的努力在很大程度上得益于其政治上的受欢迎程度：污水污染的海滩、令人流泪的烟雾、从开着的窗户飘进来的煤烟的黑色颗粒、交通堵塞、噪音、吸烟的车辆和工业。
Precisely because we have recognized late, we must redouble our efforts to gain command of the situation, we must take all the means at our disposal — basic and applied research, public education, and, above all, the governmental action. We could have a productive, prosperous society without destroying the ecological balance of our environment. Why should man create the impropriety of material plenty around poisoned air, polluted water and mountains of solid wastes?
正是因为我们认识得晚，我们必须加倍努力掌握形势，我们必须采取一切可以利用的手段——基础研究和应用研究、公共教育，尤其是政府的行动。我们可以在不破坏环境生态平衡的情况下建立一个富有成效、繁荣昌盛的社会。为什么人类要在有毒的空气、被污染的水和堆积如山的固体废物周围制造大量物质的不当行为？
But the significance of the current consciousness for the environment protection goes much, much deeper than nuisance reduction. It is a postponed recognition that as we “succeed” in terms of production, size, speed, growth, quality of life may deteriorate our living conditions disastrously. It is a delayed recognition of our unity with nature, a concern for man himself and his natural environment. It is a delayed awareness that our fate as individuals is in fellowship with our fate as a species and the future of life in this planet.
但是，当前意识对环境保护的意义远远超过减少滋扰。随着我们在生产、规模、速度、增长和生活质量方面的“成功”，我们可能会灾难性地恶化我们的生活条件，这是一个被推迟的认识。这是对我们与自然的统一的延迟承认，是对人类自身及其自然环境的关注。这是一个延迟的意识，即我们作为个体的命运与我们作为一个物种的命运以及这个星球上生命的未来是相通的。
Russia is currently concerned with the fight to save Lake Baikal, four hundreds miles long and six thousand feet deep. The beautiful, wooded shoreline is being inhabited upon by new industrial plants — and a new generation of Russia conservationists is raising a challenge, the united states contains less than 6percent of the world’s population — but it consumes 34 percent of the world’s production and brings about much more than 5 percent of the world’s pollution.
俄罗斯目前正在努力拯救长达四百英里、深达六千英尺的贝加尔湖。美丽的、树木繁茂的海岸线上生长着新的工厂，新一代的俄罗斯自然资源保护主义者提出了一个挑战，美国的人口不到世界人口的6%，但它却消耗了34%的人口占世界总产量的百分之五以上，并造成了全球百分之五以上的污染。
Each American in his lifetime uses an average of 26 millions gallons of water, 21 000 gallons of gasoline, 10 000 pounds of meat, 28 000 pounds of milk and cream, $ 6 000 worth of clothing and $ 7 000 worth of furniture. Each year, people in the United States discard 7 millions automobiles and 100 millions tires, 20 million tons of paper, 28 billion bottles and 48 billions cans. Just to collect the garbage cost $2.8 billion a year.
每个美国人一生平均消耗2600万加仑的水，21000加仑的汽油，10000磅的肉，28000磅的牛奶和奶油，价值6000美元的衣服和价值7000美元的家具。美国人每年丢弃700万辆汽车、1亿个轮胎、2000万吨纸张、280亿个瓶子和480亿个罐子。仅仅是收集垃圾每年就要花费28亿美元。
The United States factories get rid of 165 million tons of solid wastes and 172 million tons of smoke, vehicle emissions and other forms of atmospheric pollution. Eighty- three million United States automobiles contribute 60 percent of air pollution in urban districts. Each year, the United States paves over a million acres of field, forests and rural green spaces.
美国工厂清除了1.65亿吨固体废物和1.72亿吨烟雾、车辆排放物和其他形式的大气污染。美国8300万辆汽车造成了城市地区60%的空气污染。每年，美国都要为超过一百万英亩的土地、森林和乡村绿地铺设路面。
We must achieve interaction of popular pressures and enthusiasm, the precise application of sizable funds and technological skills, and the wise action of government at all the levels of our socio-economic system. That means federal, state and local governments should coordinate their efforts to solve the problems.
我们必须实现群众压力和热情的相互作用，精确地使用可观的资金和技术技能，以及我们社会经济体系各级政府的明智行动。这意味着联邦政府、州政府和地方政府应该协调他们的努力来解决这些问题。
Fortunately, saving the environment has become a popular crusade — aided especially by the energy and concern of young people, man is beginning to realize that he must drastically alter his pattern of shortsighted abuse of the natural resources if he wants to survive.
幸运的是，拯救环境已经成为一项广受欢迎的运动——特别是在年轻人的精力和关心的帮助下，人们开始意识到，如果他们想要生存，就必须彻底改变他们目光短浅的滥用自然资源的模式。
While polluted air almost never appears on a death certificate, medical research strongly implicates it as a contributing cause of many deaths. Polluted air influences health gradually, so its effects are extremely difficult to pinpoint. However, mounting evidence indicates a steady increase in the incidence of such respiratory diseases as asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, and emphysema. Cities with an abundance of air pollution have the greatest incidence of these diseases.
虽然污染的空气几乎从未出现在死亡证明上，但医学研究强烈认为它是许多人死亡的原因之一。污染的空气会逐渐影响健康，因此很难确定其影响。然而，越来越多的证据表明，哮喘、支气管炎、肺癌和肺气肿等呼吸道疾病的发病率稳步上升。空气污染严重的城市发病率最高。
Large firms are moving to compete with the small ones; specialist makers of pollution control equipments have watched their own sales increase tenfold.
大公司正在转向与小公司竞争；污染控制设备的专业制造商已经看到他们自己的销售额增长了十倍。
However, research work on the electricity, steam and hybrid gasoline-natural gas powered automobiles has not proceeded very far. The fact is that no one has yet invented a substitute which has adequate performance, reliability, and safety, or which can be produced at a reasonable cost and requires a minimum of maintenance.
然而，关于电力、蒸汽和汽油—天然气混合动力汽车的研究工作进展不大。事实是，还没有人发明一种具有足够性能、可靠性和安全性的替代品，或者能够以合理的成本生产并且需要最低限度的维护的替代品。
The number-one cause of atmospheric pollution is the automobile. Some further observation is needed on this subject, but the automobile is indeed a crucial polluter and killer. The accident death rate from automobile is currently in excess of fifty- five thousand people every year. The automobile creates traffic jams in the cities and junkyards in the countryside. Experts say the family car has made possible not only the spread of the suburbs but also the abandonment of central cities. The internal combustion engine may well give place to other forms of propulsion.
汽车是造成大气污染的头号原因。在这个问题上还需要进一步观察，但汽车确实是一个至关重要的因素污染者和杀手。目前汽车事故死亡率每年超过五万五千人。汽车在城市造成交通堵塞，在农村造成垃圾场。专家说，家庭用车不仅使郊区的扩张成为可能，而且使中心城市的废弃成为可能。内燃机推进器很可能让位于其他形式的推进器。
We have made progress in cleaning up the atmosphere, in part because the public recognizes the health dangers and is willing to accept the expenditures. But there has little progress, nationally speaking, against noise pollution, because so little is known about the subject.
我们在净化大气层方面取得了进展，部分原因是公众认识到健康危险并愿意接受支出。但是从全国范围来看，在反对噪音污染方面几乎没有什么进展，因为人们对这个问题知之甚少。
Human ears cannot shut out noise in sleep in the same way eyelids shut out light. The constriction of blood vessels by noise pollution can go on all night long. Many people are fatigued by their efforts to remain asleep in the midst of urban noise.
人类的耳朵不能像眼睑那样在睡眠中屏蔽噪音。噪音污染造成的血管收缩可以持续一整夜。许多人在嘈杂的城市中努力入睡，感到疲惫不堪。
The lowest audible sound is one decibel — and louder sounds are measured upward on a logarithmic scale. Twenty decibels is ten times 10 decibels, and 80 decibels is a million times louder than 20 decibels — and 30 or so if it is dropped on a wooden library floor. The ordinary conversation level in an average size room runs at approximately 60 decibels. Sounds of 80 decibels or more are uncomfortable to human ears. Decibel levels of 90 or more are estimated by doctors to present a health hazard. Decibel levels of 100 or more are a definite threat to hearing.
最低的听得见的声音是1分贝，较大的声音在对数标度上向上测量。二十分贝是10分贝的10倍，80分贝是20分贝的100万倍如果把它放在图书馆的木质地板上，大约是30分贝。在一个平均大小的房间里，普通的对话水平大约是60分贝。80分贝或更高的声音对人耳来说是不舒服的。据医生估计，90分贝或更高的分贝水平会危害健康。100分贝或更高的分贝水平对听力是一个明确的威胁。
Noise pollution is, in face, a threat to millions that could be as dangerous as the pollution of the atmosphere. Clinicians believe that prolonged exposure to noise, especially to sharp, sudden, surprise sounds, produces severe involuntary response in the digestive nervous systems.
面对噪音污染，数百万人面临的威胁可能和大气污染一样危险。临床医生认为，长时间暴露于噪音，特别是尖锐的、突然的、令人吃惊的声音，会在消化神经系统产生严重的不自主反应。
Heavy city traffic is measured at 90to 95 decibels, and a common household food blender at 93 decibels. Air hammers and air compressors along city sidewalks erupt in sudden blasts of 95 decibels. This is also the reading, incidentally, of a subway train screaming around a curve. Farm tractors can sound at 98 decibels, roughly the same as a newspaper printing press. Incredible as it may seem, there are many familiar implements of modern life that measure 100 decibels and above. These include loud outboard motors, powering along off-shore, 102 decibels; textile looms, 106decibels; riveting guns, 110 decibels on up, usually way up.
繁忙的城市交通可以达到90到95分贝，普通的家庭食物搅拌器可以达到93分贝。城市人行道两旁的空气锤和空气压缩机发出95分贝的爆炸声。顺便说一句，这也是一个地铁列车在弯道中尖叫的读数。农用拖拉机发出的声音可达98分贝，大致相当于一台报纸印刷机。尽管听起来难以置信，但现代生活中有许多熟悉的器具可以达到100分贝以上的音量。这些噪音包括：沿海岸驱动的响亮的舷外发动机，噪音为102分贝；纺织机，噪音为106分贝；铆枪，噪音为110分贝，通常很高。
There are psychological effects of noise pollution. Starting sounds contribute to outbursts of anger among normally placid people. A dropper toy, a blaring television set, a police siren, a tingling telephone, a sudden truck noise, might propel a neurotic to minor violence. As for prolonged, steady sound, men and women exposed to it are more inclined to quarrel or act foolishly.
噪音污染有心理上的影响。开始的声音有助于平静的人爆发出愤怒。一个滴管玩具，一个刺耳的电视机，一个警笛，一个刺痛的电话，一个突然的卡车噪音，可能促使神经病患者发生轻微的暴力行为。至于持久而稳定的声音，男人和女人接触到这种声音更容易发生争吵或愚蠢的行为。
A British study showed not long ago that people who lived near deafening London airport were admitted to mental hospitals at a higher rate than people living in quiet districts in the same part of the country. The noises of our daily life have been blamed variously for the high divorce rate, social conflict, indigestion, nervous breakdown, high blood pressure, heart failure, and even insanity. The damage is done deep in the inner ear, near the brain, to the delicate cilia, rows of microscopic, hair like organs capable of responding individually to thousands of frequencies of sound, the first of these tiny organs to be injured by noise are those, which respond to the higher frequencies above the level of speech. But the hearing loss takes place very gradually, and deafness is often not noticed until it is too late to take corrective measures.
英国不久前的一项研究表明，住在伦敦机场附近的聋人住进精神病院的比率高于住在同一地区安静地区的人。我们日常生活中的噪音被归咎于高离婚率、社会冲突、消化不良、神经衰弱、高血压、心力衰竭，甚至精神错乱。这种损伤发生在内耳深处，靠近大脑的地方，对纤毛造成了损伤。纤毛是一排排微小的、毛发状的器官，它们能够对成千上万个频率的声音做出单独的反应。这些微小的器官中，首先受到噪音损伤的是那些对语音水平以上的高频率做出反应的器官。但是听力损失是逐渐发生的，耳聋往往没有被注意到，直到为时已晚才采取矫正措施。
In fact, most city dwellers have “invented” their own methods of withstanding noise pollution. They turn on a low decibel producer — a fan or an air conditioner — to strain out and distill the louder noises and make indoor life more preferable. Some states have passed laws against defective motorcycle mufflers, against alarms on other than emergency vehicles, against inadequate mufflers on automobiles.
针对非紧急车辆上的警报，针对汽车上消声器不足。事实上，大多数城市居民已经“发明”了他们自己抵御噪音污染的方法。他们打开一个低分贝的发生器——风扇或空调——来消除噪音，提取出更大的噪音，使室内生活更加舒适。一些州已经通过法律禁止有缺陷的摩托车消声器
New York City prohibits the use of automobile horns on stationary vehicles, except as a danger signal. The city also bans the use of any vehicles out of repair to avoid creating loud and unnecessary grating, clashing, or other noises. The city forbids the unnecessary blowing of steam whistles and, along with the state, the use of a stationary internal combustion engine without an effective muffler. These are city laws against excessive noise near schools and hospitals and in the loading and unloading of vehicles, the shouting of street hawkers is forbidden, the dull hum of fans and air conditioners continues to be the citizen’s principal weapon against neighbor’s conversations. The development of off-site, prefabricated houses by the Office of Housing and Urban Development in Washington has offered new hope of effective noise controls. The house devised is simpler and less costly to install. Another promising new concert is the development of portable, soundproofed rooms for installation in homes, offices, or industrial plants.
纽约市禁止在静止的车辆上使用汽车喇叭，除非是作为危险信号。该市还禁止使用任何失修的车辆，以避免制造噪音和不必要的噪音。这座城市禁止不必要地吹蒸汽口哨，并且和州政府一样，禁止使用没有有效消声器的固定式内燃机。这些城市法律禁止在学校和医院附近以及在车辆的装卸过程中发出过大的噪音，禁止街头小贩的叫卖，电扇和空调的低沉嗡嗡声仍然是市民对付邻居谈话的主要武器。华盛顿住房和城市发展办公室开发的场外预制房屋为有效控制噪音提供了新的希望。所设计的房子更简单，安装成本也更低。另一个有希望的新音乐会是开发便携式隔音室，用于家庭、办公室或工业厂房的安装。
Noise control technology in transportation is also being devised. General Motors has designed quieter public trucks, conducting new research into noise abatement features of body and structural framework design, and making its findings available to other manufacturers.
交通噪声控制技术也正在设计之中。通用汽车公司设计了较为安静的公共卡车，对车身和结构的消声特性进行了新的研究框架设计，并将其结果提供给其他制造商。
Trucks may be required to reduce diesel engine noise by simple techniques that have already been tested in diesel bus design, basically a sealed engine compartment, mechanically ventilated by fans. Small discharge and line mufflers may reduce air brake noise and frantic pumping sound. Tired may be designed with cross bar and rib treads to minimize the familiar whirring noise.
卡车可能需要采用已经在柴油公共汽车设计中测试过的简单技术来降低柴油发动机的噪音，柴油公共汽车基本上是一个密封的发动机舱，由风扇进行机械通风。小排量和管道消音器可以减少空气制动噪音和狂乱的抽水声。疲劳可以设计交叉杆和肋踏板，以减少熟悉的呼呼声噪音。
The air transportation industry also has a major noise problem. Aircraft technology is only one part of the problem, however. The other is the quality of life in residential, industrial, and wildlife areas in the vicinity of airports.
航空运输业也有一个主要的噪音问题。然而，飞机技术只是问题的一部分。另一个是机场附近居民区、工业区和野生动物区的生活质量。
The noise of the jets is indeed substantial. Environmental factors must be considered well in advance in all aspects of aviation planning.
喷气式飞机的噪音确实很大。在航空规划的各个方面，必须事先充分考虑环境因素。
The basic technology of sewage control has been successfully developed. The primary need is for more sewage treatment of plants and filters. Municipal collection systems gather the sewage in lateral and trunk sewers. When treatment is not provided, the sewage is dumped directly into the nearest waters. Filters ate designed to gather sewage from these trunk and lateral sewers and bring them to the treatment facilities.
污水治理基础技术已经成功开发。主要需要的是更多的污水处理厂和过滤器。市政污水收集系统将污水收集到横向和干渠中。如果没有进行处理，则直接将污水倒入最近的水域。过滤器的设计目的是从这些干渠和侧面的下水道收集污水，并把它们带到处理设施。
We have made visible and encouraging progress by operating new sewage disposal projects. Sewage treatment plant’s construction has improved the quality of ten billion gallons of water a day — some 20 percent of all our fresh water resources. Pollution of the rivers, streams, and lakes must be ended as possible — as a prerequisite for our good future and our good health. We can stop water pollution if we are prepared to pay the price.
我们透过推行新的污水处理计划，已取得显著和令人鼓舞的进展。污水处理厂的建设改善了每天100亿加仑的水质，约占我们所有淡水资源的20%。必须尽可能消除河流、溪流和湖泊的污染，这是我们美好未来和健康的先决条件。如果我们愿意付出代价，我们就能阻止水污染。
Reducing the pollution of our rivers, lakes, streams, and offshore waters is important fir the coming generation.
减少我们的河流、湖泊、溪流和近海水域的污染是下一代的重要任务。
Treatment plants receive sewage from collection systems and from filers. Treatment then eliminates many of the harmful composition of sewage by sedimentation, biological or chemical action, and purification. Primary treatment is always necessary. Secondary treatment (biological and chemical action) is also always necessary. Chlorination (purification) is needed in most cases. To eliminate existing pollution in industries not tied to municipal sewage collection systems, there must be separate industrial facilities and even changers in industrial processes.
污水处理厂接收来自收集系统和过滤器的污水。然后通过沉淀、生物或化学作用以及净化处理，消除污水中的许多有害成分。一级处理（沉淀）总是必要的。二级处理（生物和化学作用）也总是必要的。氯化（净化）在大多数情况下是需要的。为了消除与城市污水收集系统无关的工业中的现有污染，必须有单独的工业设施，甚至工业流程中的改造者。
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