1. REACTIONARY SOCIALISM
1、反动的社会主义
A. Feudal Socialism
（A）封建的社会主义
In this way arose Feudal Socialism: half lamentation, half lampoon; half echo of the past, half menace of the future; at times, by its bitter, witty and incisive criticism, striking the bourgeoisie to the very heart’s core; but always ludicrous in its effect, through total incapacity to comprehend the march of modern history.
这样就产生了封建的社会主义，半是挽歌，半是谤文，半是过去的回音，半是未来的恫吓；它有时也能用辛辣、俏皮而尖刻的评论剌中资产阶级的心，但是它由于完全不能理解现代历史的进程而总是令人感到可笑。
Owing to their historical position, it became the vocation of the aristocracies of France and England to write pamphlets against modern bourgeois society. In the French revolution of July 1830, and in the English reform agitation, these aristocracies again succumbed to the hateful upstart. Thenceforth, a serious political contest was altogether out of the question. A literary battle alone remained possible. But even in the domain of literature the old cries of the restoration period had become impossible.
法国和英国的贵族，按照他们的历史地位所负的使命，就是写一些抨击现代资产阶级社会的作品。在法国的1830年七月革命和英国的改革运动中，他们再一次被可恨的暴发户打败了。从此就再谈不上严重的政治斗争了。他们还能进行的只是文字斗争。但是，即使在文字方面也不可能重弹复辟时期的老调了。
In order to arouse sympathy, the aristocracy were obliged to lose sight, apparently, of their own interests, and to formulate their indictment against the bourgeoisie in the interest of the exploited working class alone. Thus the aristocracy took their revenge by singing lampoons on their new master, and whispering in his ears sinister prophecies of coming catastrophe.
为了激起同情，贵族们不得不装模作样，似乎他们已经不关心自身的利益，只是为了被剥削的工人阶级的利益才去写对资产阶级的控诉书。他们用来泄愤的手段是：唱唱诅咒他们的新统治者的歌，并向他叽叽咕咕地说一些或多或少凶险的预言。
For the rest, so little do they conceal the reactionary character of their criticism that their chief accusation against the bourgeoisie amounts to this, that under the bourgeois regime a class is being developed, which is destined to cut up root and branch the old order of society.
不过，他们毫不掩饰自己的批评的反动性质，他们控告资产阶级的主要罪状正是在于：在资产阶级的统治下有一个将把整个旧社会制度炸毁的阶级发展起来。
The aristocracy, in order to rally the people to them, waved the proletarian alms-bag in front for a banner. But the people, so often as it joined them, saw on their hindquarters the old feudal coats of arms, and deserted with loud and irreverent laughter.
为了拉拢人民，贵族们把无产阶级的乞食袋当作旗帜来挥舞。但是，每当人民跟着他们走的时候，都发现他们的臀部带有旧的封建纹章，于是就哈哈大笑，一哄而散。
In pointing out that their mode of exploitation was different to that of the bourgeoisie, the feudalists forget that they exploited under circumstances and conditions that were quite different, and that are now antiquated. In showing that, under their rule, the modern proletariat never existed, they forget that the modern bourgeoisie is the necessary offspring of their own form of society.
封建主说，他们的剥削方式和资产阶级的剥削不同，那他们只是忘记了，他们是在完全不同的、目前已经过时的情况和条件下进行剥削的。他们说，在他们的统治下并没有出现过现代的无产阶级，那他们只是忘记了，现代的资产阶级正是他们的社会制度的必然产物。
One section of the French Legitimists and “Young England” exhibited this spectacle.
一部分法国正统派和“青年英国”，都演过这出戏。
What they upbraid the bourgeoisie with is not so much that it creates a proletariat, as that it creates a revolutionary proletariat.
他们责备资产阶级，与其说是因为它产生了无产阶级，不如说是因为它产生了革命的无产阶级。
In political practice, therefore, they join in all coercive measures against the working class; and in ordinary life, despite their high falutin phrases, they stoop to pick up the golden apples dropped from the tree of industry, and to barter truth, love, and honour for traffic in wool, beetroot-sugar, and potato spirits.
因此，在政治实践中，他们参与对工人阶级采取的一切暴力措施，在日常生活中，他们违背自己的那一套冠冕堂皇的言词，屈尊拾取金苹果，不顾信义、仁爱和名誉去做羊毛、甜菜和烧酒的买卖。
As the parson has ever gone hand in hand with the landlord, so has Clerical Socialism with Feudal Socialism.
正如僧侣总是同封建主携手同行一样，僧侣的社会主义也总是同封建的社会主义携手同行的。
B. Petty-Bourgeois Socialism
（B）小资产阶级的社会主义
Nothing is easier than to give Christian asceticism a Socialist tinge. Has not Christianity declaimed against private property, against marriage, against the State? Has it not preached in the place of these, charity and poverty, celibacy and mortification of the flesh, monastic life and Mother Church? Christian Socialism is but the holy, water with which the priest consecrates the heart-burnings of the aristocrat.
要给基督教禁欲主义涂上一层社会主义的色彩，是再容易不过了。基督教不是也激烈反对私有财产，反对婚姻，反对国家吗？它不是提倡用行善和求乞、独身和禁欲、修道和礼拜来代替这一切吗？基督教的社会主义，只不过是僧侣用来使贵族的怨愤神圣的圣水罢了。
The feudal aristocracy was not the only class that has ruined by the bourgeoisie, not the only class whose conditions of existence pined and perished in the atmosphere of modern bourgeois society. The mediaeval burgesses and the small peasant proprietors were the precursors of the modern bourgeoisie. In those countries which are but little developed, industrially and commercially, these two classes still vegetate side by side with the rising bourgeoisie.
封建贵族并不是被资产阶级所推翻的、其生活条件在现代资产阶级社会里日益恶化和消失的唯一阶级。中世纪的城关市民和小农等级是现代资产阶级的前身。在工商业不很发达的国家里，这个阶级还在新兴的资产阶级身旁勉强生存着。
In countries where modern civilisation has become fully developed, a new class of petty bourgeois has been formed, fluctuating between proletariat and bourgeoisie and ever renewing itself as a supplementary part of bourgeois society. The individual members of this class, however, are being constantly hurled down into the proletariat by the action of competition, and, as modern industry develops, they even see the moment approaching when they will completely disappear as an independent section of modern society, to be replaced, in manufactures, agriculture and commerce, by overlookers, bailiffs and shopmen.
在现代文明已经发展的国家里，形成了一个新的小资产阶级，它摇摆于无产阶级和资产阶级之间，并且作为资产阶级社会的补充部分不断地重新组成。但是，这一阶级的成员经常被竞争抛到无产阶级队伍里去，而且，随着大工业的发展，他们甚至觉察到，他们很快就会完全失去他们作为现代社会中一个独立部分的地位，在商业、工业和农业中很快就会被监工和雇员所代替。
In countries like France, where the peasants constitute far more than half of the population, it was natural that writers who sided with the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, should use, in their criticism of the bourgeois regime, the standard of the peasant and petty bourgeois, and from the standpoint of these intermediate classes should take up the cudgels for the working class. Thus arose petty-bourgeois Socialism. Sismondi was the head of this school, not only in France but also in England.
在农民阶级远远超过人口半数的国家，例如在法国，那些站在无产阶级方面反对资产阶级的著作家，自然是用小资产阶级和小农的尺度去批判资产阶级制度的，是从小资产阶级的立场出发替工人说话的。这样就形成了小资产阶级的社会主义。西斯蒙第不仅对法国而且对英国来说都是这类著作家的首领。
This school of Socialism dissected with great acuteness the contradictions in the conditions of modern production. It laid bare the hypocritical apologies of economists. It proved, incontrovertibly, the disastrous effects of machinery and division of labour; the concentration of capital and land in a few hands; overproduction and crises; it pointed out the inevitable ruin of the petty bourgeois and peasant, the misery of the proletariat, the anarchy in production, the crying inequalities in the distribution of wealth, the industrial war of extermination between nations, the dissolution of old moral bonds, of the old family relations, of the old nationalities.
这种社会主义非常透彻地分析了现代生产关系中的矛盾。它揭穿了经济学家的虚伪的粉饰。它确凿地证明了机器和分工的破坏作用、资本和地产的积聚、生产过剩、危机、小资产者和小农的必然没落、无产阶级的贫困、生产的无政府状态、财富分配的极不平均、各民族之间的毁灭性的工业战争，以及旧风尚、旧家庭关系和旧民族性的解体。
In its positive aims, however, this form of Socialism aspires either to restoring the old means of production and of exchange, and with them the old property relations, and the old society, or to cramping the modern means of production and of exchange, within the framework of the old property relations that have been, and were bound to be, exploded by those means. In either case, it is both reactionary and Utopian.
但是，这种社会主义按其实际内容来说，或者是企图恢复旧的生产资料和交换手段，从而恢复旧的所有制关系和旧的社会，或者是企图重新把现代的生产资料和交换手段硬塞到已被它们突破而且必然被突破的旧的所有制关系的框子里去。它在这两种场合都是反动的，同时又是空想的。
Its last words are: corporate guilds for manufacture, patriarchal relations in agriculture.
工业中的行会制度，农业中的宗法经济，——这就是它的结论。
Ultimately, when stubborn historical facts had dispersed all intoxicating effects of self-deception, this form of Socialism ended in a miserable fit of the blues.
这一思潮在它以后的发展中变成了一种怯懦的悲叹。
C. German, or “True,” Socialism
（C）德国的或“真正的”社会主义
The Socialist and Communist literature of France, a literature that originated under the pressure of a bourgeoisie in power, and that was the expression of the struggle against this power, was introduced into Germany at a time when the bourgeoisie, in that country, had just begun its contest with feudal absolutism.
法国的社会主义和共产主义的文献是在居于统治地位的资产阶级的压迫下产生的，并且是同这种统治作斗争的文字表现，这种文献被搬到德国的时候，那里的资产阶级才刚刚开始进行反对封建专制制度的斗争。
German philosophers, would-be philosophers, and beaux esprits, eagerly seized on this literature, only forgetting, that when these writings immigrated from France into Germany, French social conditions had not immigrated along with them. In contact with German social conditions, this French literature lost all its immediate practical significance, and assumed a purely literary aspect. Thus, to the German philosophers of the eighteenth century, the demands of the first French Revolution were nothing more than the demands of “Practical Reason” in general, and the utterance of the will of the revolutionary French bourgeoisie signified in their eyes the law of pure Will, of Will as it was bound to be, of true human Will generally.
德国的哲学家、半哲学家和美文学家，贪婪地抓住了这种文献，不过他们忘记了：在这种著作从法国搬到德国的时候，法国的生活条件却没有同时搬过去。在德国的条件下，法国的文献完全失去了直接实践的意义，而只具有纯粹文献的形式。它必然表现为关于真正的社会、关于实现人的本质的无谓思辨。这样，第一次法国革命的要求，在18世纪的德国哲学家看来，不过是一般“实践理性”的要求，而革命的法国资产阶级的意志的表现，在他们心目中就是纯粹的意志、本来的意志、真正人的意志的规律。
The introduction of these philosophical phrases at the back of the French historical criticisms they dubbed “Philosophy of Action,” “True Socialism,” “German Science of Socialism,” “Philosophical Foundation of Socialism,” and so on.
这种在法国人的论述下面塞进自己哲学词句的做法，他们称之为“行动的哲学”、”真正的社会主义”、“德国的社会主义科学”、“社会主义的哲学论证”，等等。
It is well known how the monks wrote silly lives of Catholic Saints over the manuscripts on which the classical works of ancient heathendom had been written. The German literate reversed this process with the profane French literature. They wrote their philosophical nonsense beneath the French original. For instance, beneath the French criticism of the economic functions of money, they wrote “Alienation of Humanity,” and beneath the French criticism of the bourgeois State they wrote “dethronement of the Category of the General,” and so forth.
大家知道，僧侣们曾经在古代异教经典的手抄本上面写上荒诞的天主教圣徒传。德国著作家对世俗的法国文献采取相反的作法。他们在法国的原著下面写上自己的哲学胡说。例如，他们在法国人对货币关系的批判下面写上“人的本质的外化”，在法国人对资产阶级国家的批判下面写上所谓“抽象普遍物的统治的扬弃”，等等。
This annexation took place in the same way in which a foreign language is appropriated, namely, by translation.
这种掌握，就像掌握外国语一样，是通过翻译的。
The world of the German literate consisted solely in bringing the new French ideas into harmony with their ancient philosophical conscience, or rather, in annexing the French ideas without deserting their own philosophic point of view.
德国著作家的唯一工作，就是把新的法国的思想同他们的旧的哲学信仰调和起来，或者毋宁说，就是从他们的哲学观点出发去掌握法国的思想。
The fight of the German, and especially, of the Prussian bourgeoisie, against feudal aristocracy and absolute monarchy, in other words, the liberal movement, became more earnest.
德国的特别是普鲁士的资产阶级反对封建主和专制王朝的斗争，一句话，自由主义运动，越来越严重了。
The French Socialist and Communist literature was thus completely emasculated. And, since it ceased in the hands of the German to express the struggle of one class with the other, he felt conscious of having overcome “French one-sidedness” and of representing, not true requirements, but the requirements of truth; not the interests of the proletariat, but the interests of Human Nature, of Man in general, who belongs to no class, has no reality, who exists only in the misty realm of philosophical fantasy.
法国的社会主义和共产主义的文献就这样被完全阉割了。既然这种文献在德国人手里已不再表现一个阶级反对另一个阶级的斗争，于是德国人就认为：他们克服了“法国人的片面性”，他们不代表真实的要求，而代表真理的要求，不代表无产者的利益，而代表人的本质的利益，即一般人的利益，这种人不属于任何阶级，根本不存在于现实界，而只存在于云雾弥漫的哲学幻想的太空。
This German Socialism, which took its schoolboy task so seriously and solemnly, and extolled its poor stock-in-trade in such mountebank fashion, meanwhile gradually lost its pedantic innocence.
这种曾经郑重其事地看待自己那一套拙劣的小学生作业并且大言不惭地加以吹嘘的德国社会主义，现在渐渐失去了它的自炫博学的天真。
By this, the long wished-for opportunity was offered to “True” Socialism of confronting the political movement with the Socialist demands, of hurling the traditional anathemas against liberalism, against representative government, against bourgeois competition, bourgeois freedom of the press, bourgeois legislation, bourgeois liberty and equality, and of preaching to the masses that they had nothing to gain, and everything to lose, by this bourgeois movement. German Socialism forgot, in the nick of time, that the French criticism, whose silly echo it was, presupposed the existence of modern bourgeois society, with its corresponding economic conditions of existence, and the political constitution adapted thereto, the very things whose attainment was the object of the pending struggle in Germany.
于是，“真正的”社会主义就得到了一个好机会，把社会主义的要求同政治运动对立起来，用诅咒异端邪说的传统办法诅咒自由主义，诅咒代议制国家，诅咒资产阶级的竞争、资产阶级的新闻出版自由、资产阶级的法、资产阶级的自由和平等，并且向人民群众大肆宣扬，说什么在这个资产阶级运动中，人民群众非但一无所得，反而会失去一切。德国的社会主义恰好忘记了，法国的批判（德国的社会主义是这种批判的可怜的回声）是以现代的资产阶级社会以及相应的物质生活条件和相当的政治制度为前提的，而这一切前提当时在德国正是尚待争取的。
While this “True” Socialism thus served the governments as a weapon for fighting the German bourgeoisie, it, at the same time, directly represented a reactionary interest, the interest of the German Philistines. In Germany the petty-bourgeois class, a relic of the sixteenth century, and since then constantly cropping up again under various forms, is the real social basis of the existing state of things.
既然“真正的”社会主义就这样成了这些政府对付德国资产阶级的武器，那么它也就直接代表了一种反动的利益，即德国小市民的利益。在德国，16世纪遗留下来的、从那时起经常以不同形式重新出现的小资产阶级，是现存制度的真实的社会基础。
It was a sweet finish after the bitter pills of floggings and bullets with which these same governments, just at that time, dosed the German working-class risings.
这种社会主义是这些政府用来镇压德国工人起义的毒辣的皮鞭和枪弹的甜蜜的补充。
To the absolute governments, with their following of parsons, professors, country squires and officials, it served as a welcome scarecrow against the threatening bourgeoisie.
这种社会主义成了德意志各邦专制政府及其随从——僧侣、教员、容克和官僚求之不得的、吓唬来势汹汹的资产阶级的稻草人。
To preserve this class is to preserve the existing state of things in Germany. The industrial and political supremacy of the bourgeoisie threatens it with certain destruction; on the one hand, from the concentration of capital; on the other, from the rise of a revolutionary proletariat. “True” Socialism appeared to kill these two birds with one stone. It spread like an epidemic.
保存这个小资产阶级，就是保存德国的现存制度。这个阶级胆战心惊地从资产阶级的工业统治和政治统治那里等候着无可幸免的灭亡，这一方面是由于资本的积聚，另一方面是由于革命无产阶级的兴起。在它看来，“真正的”社会主义能起一箭双雕的作用。“真正的”社会主义像瘟疫一样流行起来了。
The robe of speculative cobwebs, embroidered with flowers of rhetoric, steeped in the dew of sickly sentiment, this transcendental robe in which the German Socialists wrapped their sorry “eternal truths,” all skin and bone, served to wonderfully increase the sale of their goods amongst such a public.
德国的社会主义者给自己的那几条干瘪的“永恒真理”披上一件用思辨的蛛丝织成的、绣满华丽辞藻的花朵和浸透甜情蜜意的甘露的外衣，这件光彩夺目的外衣只是使他们的货物在这些顾客中间增加销路罢了。
And on its part, German Socialism recognised, more and more, its own calling as the bombastic representative of the petty-bourgeois Philistine.
同时，德国的社会主义也越来越认识到自己的使命就是充当这种小市民的夸夸其谈的代言人。
It proclaimed the German nation to be the model nation, and the German petty Philistine to be the typical man. To every villainous meanness of this model man it gave a hidden, higher, Socialistic interpretation, the exact contrary of its real character. It went to the extreme length of directly opposing the “brutally destructive” tendency of Communism, and of proclaiming its supreme and impartial contempt of all class struggles. With very few exceptions, all the so-called Socialist and Communist publications that now (1847) circulate in Germany belong to the domain of this foul and enervating literature.
它宣布德意志民族是模范的民族，德国小市民是模范的人。它给这些小市民的每一种丑行都加上奥秘的、高尚的、社会主义的意义，使之变成完全相反的东西。它发展到最后，就直接反对共产主义的“野蛮破坏的”倾向，并且宣布自己是不偏不倚地超乎任何阶级斗争之上的。现今在德国流行的一切所谓社会主义和共产主义的著作，除了极少数的例外，都属于这一类卑鄙龌龊的、令人委靡的文献。
2. CONSERVATIVE, OR BOURGEOIS, SOCIALISM
2、保守的或资产阶级的社会主义
We may site Proudhon’s Philosophie de la Misere as an example of this form.
我们可以举蒲鲁东的《贫困的哲学》作为例子。
To this section belong economists, philanthropists, humanitarians, improvers of the condition of the working class, organisers of charity, members of societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals, temperance fanatics, hole-and-corner reformers of every imaginable kind. This form of Socialism has, moreover, been worked out into complete systems.
这一部分人包括：经济学家、博爱主义者、人道主义者、劳动阶级状况改善派、慈善事业组织者、动物保护协会会员、戒酒协会发起人以及形形色色的小改良家。这种资产阶级的社会主义甚至被制成一些完整的体系。
A part of the bourgeoisie is desirous of redressing social grievances, in order to secure the continued existence of bourgeois society.
资产阶级中的一部分人想要消除社会的弊病，以便保障资产阶级社会的生存。
The Socialistic bourgeois want all the advantages of modern social conditions without the struggles and dangers necessarily resulting therefrom. They desire the existing state of society minus its revolutionary and disintegrating elements. They wish for a bourgeoisie without a proletariat. The bourgeoisie naturally conceives the world in which it is supreme to be the best; and bourgeois Socialism develops this comfortable conception into various more or less complete systems. In requiring the proletariat to carry out such a system, and thereby to march straightway into the social New Jerusalem, it but requires in reality, that the proletariat should remain within the bounds of existing society, but should cast away all its hateful ideas concerning the bourgeoisie.
社会主义的资产者愿意要现代社会的生存条件，但是不要由这些条件必然产生的斗争和危险。他们愿意要现存的社会，但是不要那些使这个社会革命化和瓦解的因素。他们愿意要资产阶级，但是不要无产阶级。在资产阶级看来，它所统治的世界自然是最美好的世界。资产阶级的社会主义把这种安慰人心的观念制成半套或整套的体系。它要求无产阶级实现它的体系，走进新的耶路撒冷，其实它不过是要求无产阶级停留在现今的社会里，但是要抛弃他们关于这个社会的可恶的观念。
A second and more practical, but less systematic, form of this Socialism sought to depreciate every revolutionary movement in the eyes of the working class, by showing that no mere political reform, but only a change in the material conditions of existence, in economic relations, could be of any advantage to them. By changes in the material conditions of existence, this form of Socialism, however, by no means understands abolition of the bourgeois relations of production, an abolition that can be effected only by a revolution, but administrative reforms, based on the continued existence of these relations; reforms, therefore, that in no respect affect the relations between capital and labour, but, at the best, lessen the cost, and simplify the administrative work, of bourgeois government.
这种社会主义的另一种不够系统、但是比较实际的形式，力图使工人阶级厌弃一切革命运动，硬说能给工人阶级带来好处的并不是这样或那样的政治改革，而仅仅是物质生活条件即经济关系的改变。但是，这种社会主义所理解的物质生活条件的改变，绝对不是只有通过革命的途径才能实现的资产阶级生产关系的废除，而是一些在这种生产关系的基础上实行的行政上的改良，因而丝毫不会改变资本和雇佣劳动的关系，至多只能减少资产阶级的统治费用和简化它的财政管理。
Bourgeois Socialism attains adequate expression, when, and only when, it becomes a mere figure of speech.
资产阶级的社会主义只有在它变成纯粹的演说辞令的时候，才获得自己的适当的表现。
Free trade: for the benefit of the working class. Protective duties: for the benefit of the working class. Prison Reform: for the benefit of the working class. This is the last word and the only seriously meant word of bourgeois Socialism.
自由贸易！为了工人阶级的利益；保护关税！为了工人阶级的利益；单身牢房！为了工人阶级的利益。——这才是资产阶级的社会主义唯一认真说出的最后的话。
We do not here refer to that literature which, in every great modern revolution, has always given voice to the demands of the proletariat, such as the writings of Babeuf and others.
在这里，我们不谈在现代一切大革命中表达过无产阶级要求的文献（巴贝夫等人的著作）。
3. CRITICAL-UTOPIAN SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM
3、批判的空想的社会主义和共产主义
It is summed up in the phrase: the bourgeois is a bourgeois — for the benefit of the working class.
资产阶级的社会主义就是这样一个论断：资产者之为资产者，是为了工人阶级的利益。
The Socialist and Communist systems properly so called, those of Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen and others, spring into existence in the early undeveloped period, described above, of the struggle between proletariat and bourgeoisie (see Section 1. Bourgeois and Proletarians).
本来意义的社会主义和共产主义的体系，圣西门、傅立叶、欧文等人的体系，是在无产阶级和资产阶级之间的斗争还不发展的最初时期出现的。关于这个时期，我们在前面已经叙述过了（见《资产阶级和无产阶级》）。
The first direct attempts of the proletariat to attain its own ends, made in times of universal excitement, when feudal society was being overthrown, these attempts necessarily failed, owing to the then undeveloped state of the proletariat, as well as to the absence of the economic conditions for its emancipation, conditions that had yet to be produced, and could be produced by the impending bourgeois epoch alone. The revolutionary literature that accompanied these first movements of the proletariat had necessarily a reactionary character. It inculcated universal asceticism and social levelling in its crudest form.
无产阶级在普遍激动的时代、在推翻封建社会的时期直接实现自己阶级利益的最初尝试，都不可避免地遭到了失败，这是由于当时无产阶级本身还不够发展，由于无产阶级解放的物质条件还没具备，这些条件只是资产阶级时代的产物。随着这些早期的无产阶级运动而出现的革命文献，就其内容来说必然是反动的。这种文献倡导普遍的禁欲主义和粗陋的平均主义。
Since the development of class antagonism keeps even pace with the development of industry, the economic situation, as they find it, does not as yet offer to them the material conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat. They therefore search after a new social science, after new social laws, that are to create these conditions.
由于阶级对立的发展是同工业的发展步调一致的，所以这些发明家也不可能看到无产阶级解放的物质条件，于是他们就去探求某种社会科学、社会规律，以便创造这些条件。
Historical action is to yield to their personal inventive action, historically created conditions of emancipation to fantastic ones, and the gradual, spontaneous class-organisation of the proletariat to the organisation of society specially contrived by these inventors. Future history resolves itself, in their eyes, into the propaganda and the practical carrying out of their social plans.
社会的活动要由他们个人的发明活动来代替，解放的历史条件要由幻想的条件来代替，无产阶级的逐步组织成为阶级要由一种特意设计出来的社会组织来代替。在他们看来，今后的世界历史不过是宣传和实施他们的社会计划。
The founders of these systems see, indeed, the class antagonisms, as well as the action of the decomposing elements, in the prevailing form of society. But the proletariat, as yet in its infancy, offers to them the spectacle of a class without any historical initiative or any independent political movement.
诚然，这些体系的发明家看到了阶级的对立，以及占统治地位的社会本身中的瓦解因素的作用。但是，他们看不到无产阶级方面的任何历史主动性，看不到它所特有的任何政治运动。
In the formation of their plans they are conscious of caring chiefly for the interests of the working class, as being the most suffering class. Only from the point of view of being the most suffering class does the proletariat exist for them.
诚然，他们也意识到，他们的计划主要是代表工人阶级这一受苦最深的阶级的利益。在他们心目中，无产阶级只是一个受苦最深的阶级。
Hence, they reject all political, and especially all revolutionary, action; they wish to attain their ends by peaceful means, and endeavour, by small experiments, necessarily doomed to failure, and by the force of example, to pave the way for the new social Gospel.
因此，他们拒绝一切政治行动，特别是一切革命行动；他们想通过和平的途径达到自己的目的，并且企图通过一些小型的、当然不会成功的试验，通过示范的力量来为新的社会福音开辟道路。
The undeveloped state of the class struggle, as well as their own surroundings, causes Socialists of this kind to consider themselves far superior to all class antagonisms. They want to improve the condition of every member of society, even that of the most favoured. Hence, they habitually appeal to society at large, without distinction of class; nay, by preference, to the ruling class. For how can people, when once they understand their system, fail to see in it the best possible plan of the best possible state of society?
但是，由于阶级斗争不发展，由于他们本身的生活状况，他们就以为自己是高高超乎这种阶级对立之上的。他们要改善社会一切成员的生活状况，甚至生活最优裕的成员也包括在内。因此，他们总是不加区别地向整个社会呼吁，而且主要是向统治阶级呼吁。他们以为，人们只要理解他们的体系，就会承认这种体系是最美好的社会的最美好的计划。
But these Socialist and Communist publications contain also a critical element. They attack every principle of existing society. Hence they are full of the most valuable materials for the enlightenment of the working class. The practical measures proposed in them — such as the abolition of the distinction between town and country, of the family, of the carrying on of industries for the account of private individuals, and of the wage system, the proclamation of social harmony, the conversion of the functions of the State into a mere superintendence of production, all these proposals, point solely to the disappearance of class antagonisms which were, at that time, only just cropping up, and which, in these publications, are recognised in their earliest, indistinct and undefined forms only. These proposals, therefore, are of a purely Utopian character.
但是，这些社会主义和共产主义的著作也含有批判的成分。这些著作抨击现存社会的全部基础。因此，它们提供了启发工人觉悟的极为宝贵的材料。它们关于未来社会的积极的主张，例如消灭城乡对立，消灭家庭，消灭私人营利，消灭雇佣劳动，提倡社会和谐，把国家变成纯粹的生产管理机构，——所有这些主张都只是表明要消灭阶级对立，而这种阶级对立在当时刚刚开始发展，它们所知道的只是这种对立的早期的、不明显的、不确定的形式。因此，这些主张本身还带有纯粹空想的性质。
Such fantastic pictures of future society, painted at a time when the proletariat is still in a very undeveloped state and has but a fantastic conception of its own position correspond with the first instinctive yearnings of that class for a general reconstruction of society.
这种对未来社会的幻想的描绘，在无产阶级还很不发展、因而对本身的地位的认识还基于幻想的时候，是同无产阶级对社会普遍改造的最初的本能的渴望相适应的。
The significance of Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism bears an inverse relation to historical development. In proportion as the modern class struggle develops and takes definite shape, this fantastic standing apart from the contest, these fantastic attacks on it, lose all practical value and all theoretical justification. Therefore, although the originators of these systems were, in many respects, revolutionary, their disciples have, in every case, formed mere reactionary sects. They hold fast by the original views of their masters, in opposition to the progressive historical development of the proletariat. They, therefore, endeavour, and that consistently, to deaden the class struggle and to reconcile the class antagonisms. They still dream of experimental realisation of their social Utopias, of founding isolated “phalansteres,” of establishing “Home Colonies,” of setting up a “Little Icaria” — duodecimo editions of the New Jerusalem — and to realise all these castles in the air, they are compelled to appeal to the feelings and purses of the bourgeois. By degrees they sink into the category of the reactionary conservative Socialists depicted above, differing from these only by more systematic pedantry, and by their fanatical and superstitious belief in the miraculous effects of their social science.
批判的空想的社会主义和共产主义的意义，是同历史的发展成反比的。阶级斗争越发展和越具有确定的形式，这种超乎阶级斗争的幻想，这种反对阶级斗争的幻想，就越失去任何实践意义和任何理论根据。所以，虽然这些体系的创始人在许多方面是革命的，但是他们的信徒总是组成一些反动的宗派。这些信徒无视无产阶级的历史进展，还是死守着老师们的旧观点。因此，他们一贯企图削弱阶级斗争，调和对立。他们还总是梦想用试验的办法来实现自己的社会空想，创办单个的法伦斯泰尔，建立国内移民区，创立小伊加利亚，即袖珍版的新耶路撒冷，——而为了建造这一切空中楼阁，他们就不得不呼吁资产阶级发善心和慷慨解囊。他们逐渐地堕落到上述反动的或保守的社会主义者的一伙中去了，所不同的只是他们更加系统地卖弄学问，狂热地迷信自己那一套社会科学的奇功异效。
The Owenites in England, and the Fourierists in France, respectively, oppose the Chartists and the Reformistes.
在英国，有欧文主义者反对宪章派，在法国，有傅立叶主义者反对改革派。
They, therefore, violently oppose all political action on the part of the working class; such action, according to them, can only result from blind unbelief in the new Gospel.
因此，他们激烈地反对工人的一切政治运动，认为这种运动只是由于盲目地不相信新福音才发生的。
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