We acted in concert to supply Braddock’s army with provisions; and, when the shocking news arrived of his defeat, the governor sent in haste for me, to consult with him on measures for preventing the desertion of the back counties. I forget now the advice I gave; but I think it was, that Dunbar should be written to, and prevail’d with, if possible, to post his troops on the frontiers for their protection, till, by re-enforcements from the colonies, he might be able to proceed on the expedition. And, after my return from the frontier, he would have had me undertake the conduct of such an expedition with provincial troops, for the reduction of Fort Duquesne, Dunbar and his men being otherwise employed; and he proposed to commission me as general. I had not so good an opinion of my military abilities as he profess’d to have, and I believe his professions must have exceeded his real sentiments; but probably he might think that my popularity would facilitate the raising of the men, and my influence in Assembly, the grant of money to pay them, and that, perhaps, without taxing the proprietary estate. Finding me not so forward to engage as he expected, the project was dropt, and he soon after left the government, being superseded by Captain Denny.
我们共同合作替布剌多克的部队采购粮秣。当他失利的可怕消息到达后，州长火急地召我去见他，跟他共同商谈防止边陲城镇居民逃亡的方法。现在我记不起当时我建议了什么，但是我想我曾经建议他应当写信给丹巴，要他如果可能的话暂把部队驻扎在边境上，以保护边区居民，等到各殖民地的援兵一到，他或许可以继续进行征伐。等到我从边区回来以后，他可以命令我用殖民地军队去进行征伐，去取度垦堡，如果丹巴和他的部队忙于攻打其他地区的话。他提议任命我为将军。我对于我自己军事才能的估价低于他口头上对我的评价，并且我相信他口头上的评价一定超过了他真正的想法。但是也许他以为我的名望会有助于士兵的征集，我在州议会中的势力会有助于州议会的拨款来付军饷，并且或许此项拨款可以豁免业主财产的纳税。当他发现我并不像他预料那样地热中于此的时候，这一计划就被抛弃了。不久以后他就去职了，继任者是田尼上尉。
Notwithstanding the continual wrangle between the governor and the House, in which I, as a member, had so large a share, there still subsisted a civil intercourse between that gentleman and myself, and we never had any personal difference. I have sometimes since thought that his little or no resentment against me, for the answers it was known I drew up to his messages, might be the effect of professional habit, and that, being bred a lawyer, he might consider us both as merely advocates for contending clients in a suit, he for the proprietaries and I for the Assembly. He would, therefore, sometimes call in a friendly way to advise with me on difficult points, and sometimes, tho’ not often, take my advice.
尽管州长与州议会间不断发生龃龉，作为一个议员，我在争论中是分担着很大的份儿的，但是在我与州长之间却仍然保持着一种谦恭有礼的关系，我们之间从未发生过私人的嫌隙。有时候我想他之所以对我不抱怨或很少抱怨，可能是一种职业性习惯的结果，因为大家都知道对他咨文的复文是我执笔的。他受过律师的训练，他也许认为我们两人只是诉讼中争执双方的律师而已，他代表业主，而我代表州议会。因此，有时候他到我家里来做一次友好的访问，要我对一些疑难问题提些意见，他有时也接受我的劝告，虽然这是不常有的事。
Before I proceed in relating the part I had in public affairs under this new governor’s administration, it may not be amiss here to give some account of the rise and progress of my philosophical reputation.
在我继续叙述我在这位新州长任内所从事的政治活动之前，在此不妨叙述一下我在学术研究方面声誉的蒸蒸日上。
In 1746, being at Boston, I met there with a Dr. Spence, who was lately arrived from Scotland, and show’d me some electric experiments. They were imperfectly perform’d, as he was not very expert; but, being on a subject quite new to me, they equally surpris’d and pleased me. Soon after my return to Philadelphia, our library company receiv’d from Mr. P. Collinson, Fellow of the Royal Society of London, a present of a glass tube, with some account of the use of it in making such experiments. I eagerly seized the opportunity of repeating what I had seen at Boston; and, by much practice, acquir’d great readiness in performing those, also, which we had an account of from England, adding a number of new ones. I say much practice, for my house was continually full, for some time, with people who came to see these new wonders.
在一七四六年，当我在波士顿时，我在那里遇见了一位斯宾斯博士，他刚从苏格兰来，他做给我看一些电气试验。这些试验做得不很完美，因为他的技术不很熟练。但是因为这个题目对我是完全新的，所以它们使我感到又惊又喜。我回到费城不久，我们的订阅图书馆从伦敦皇家协会的一个会员柯令逊先生那里收到了一根玻璃管作为礼品，附有说明书，解释做这种实验时使用玻璃管的方法。我热心地乘机重复我在波士顿看到的实验。经过多次练习以后，我也能很迅速熟练地做那些在英国寄来的书报中提到的实验了，同时我加添了几个新的实验。我说经过多次练习，因为在一个时期内我家经常客满，人们麇集来看这些新鲜的玩意儿。
To divide a little this incumbrance among my friends, I caused a number of similar tubes to be blown at our glass-house, with which they furnish’d themselves, so that we had at length several performers. Among these, the principal was Mr. Kinnersley, an ingenious neighbor, who, being out of business, I encouraged to undertake showing the experiments for money, and drew up for him two lectures, in which the experiments were rang’d in such order, and accompanied with such explanations in such method, as that the foregoing should assist in comprehending the following. He procur’d an elegant apparatus for the purpose, in which all the little machines that I had roughly made for myself were nicely form’d by instrument-makers. His lectures were well attended, and gave great satisfaction; and after some time he went thro’ the colonies, exhibiting them in every capital town, and pick’d up some money. In the West India islands, indeed, it was with difficulty the experiments could be made, from the general moisture of the air.
为了使得朋友们能够稍稍分担这种负累，我叫玻璃厂制造了几根类似的玻璃管。这样，这些朋友也有了做实验的设备了，所以到了后来我们就有了好几个做实验的表演者了。在这些人中间，金纳司莱先生是最主要的，他是我的邻居，很有才能，由于他当时正失业，我就鼓励他表演这种实验来赚钱，并且我替他撰写了两篇演讲稿，务使实验的先后排列、讲解说明的措辞和方法，能做到由浅入深、从已知到未知的地步。为了这个目的他购买了一套漂亮考究的仪器，凡是以前由我自己制造的粗糙的小机件，现在都由仪器制造商做得很漂亮了。听他演讲的人很多，他们听了也大为满意。过了一些时候，他周游各殖民地，在各主要城镇表演实验，因此赚了一些钱。在西印度群岛，做这些实验可确实不容易，因为那里的空气很湿。
Oblig’d as we were to Mr. Collinson for his present of the tube, etc., I thought it right he should be inform’d of our success in using it, and wrote him several letters containing accounts of our experiments. He got them read in the Royal Society, where they were not at first thought worth so much notice as to be printed in their Transactions. One paper, which I wrote for Mr. Kinnersley, on the sameness of lightning with electricity, I sent to Dr. Mitchel, an acquaintance of mine, and one of the members also of that society, who wrote me word that it had been read, but was laughed at by the connoisseurs. The papers, however, being shown to Dr. othergill, he thought them of too much value to be stifled, and advis’d the printing of them. Mr. Collinson then gave them to Cave for publication in his Gentleman’s Magazine; but he chose to print them separately in a pamphlet, and Dr. Fothergill wrote the preface. Cave, it seems, judged rightly for his profit, for by the additions that arrived afterward they swell’d to a quarto volume, which has had five editions, and cost him nothing for copy-money.
由于柯令逊先生赠送给我们那根玻璃管和其他物件，我们对他很感激，所以我觉得我应当告诉他我们用玻璃管做实验所获得的成就，我就给他写了几封信，报告我们所做的实验。他在皇家学会中宣读了我的报告，皇家学会起初以为这些报告没有重大价值，不值得在他们的社刊中发表，我曾经替金纳司莱写了一篇论文，说明闪电和电是同一体，我把这篇论文寄给我的一个朋友密丘尔博士，他也是皇家学会的会员。他告诉我说，这篇论文已经在学会中宣读过了，但是只受到了那些行家的嘲笑。但是有人把这些论文给方寿节博士看，他却认为它们很有价值，不应使之埋没，他建议把它们印出来。后来柯令逊先生把它们交给盖夫，要他在他的《绅士杂志》中发表。但是盖夫决定用小册子单独发表，方寿节博士并且写了一篇序文。看来盖夫的生意经算盘是打对了，因为加上后来陆续寄去的文章，这本论文集变成了一本厚厚的四开本，出了五版，可是稿费他却分文不出。
It was, however, some time before those papers were much taken notice of in England. A copy of them happening to fall into the hands of the Count de Buffon, a philosopher deservedly of great reputation in France, and, indeed, all over Europe, he prevailed with M. Dalibard to translate them into French, and they were printed at Paris. The publication offended the Abbe Nollet, preceptor in Natural Philosophy to the royal family, and an able experimenter, who had form’d and publish’d a theory of electricity, which then had the general vogue. He could not at first believe that such a work came from America, and said it must have been fabricated by his enemies at Paris, to decry his system. Afterwards, having been assur’d that there really existed such a person as Franklin at Philadelphia, which he had doubted, he wrote and published a volume of Letters, chiefly address’d to me, defending his theory, and denying the verity of my experiments, and of the positions deduc’d from them.
但是，这些论文在一个时期内在英国并未引起广泛的注意。一位有真才实学的驰名法国和全欧的科学家德保丰爵士，以偶然的机缘看到了这本论文集，他就促使戴立巴先生把它译成法文，在巴黎出版。这一法文版的印行却激怒了宫廷科学导师诺莱神父。他是一个能干的实验科学家，他在以前已经发表了一个关于电气的理论，当时甚为流行。他起初不能相信这些论文是从美洲来的，他说这必然是他的论敌们为了贬损他的学说而在巴黎捏造出来的。到了后来，他知道了：尽管他以前怀疑过，在费城却真有一个叫富兰克林这样的人，他写了许多信，发表了一巨册的信件，这些信主要是写给我的。在信里他替他的学说辩护，否认我的实验和从实验获得的结论的真实性。
I once purpos’d answering the abbe, and actually began the answer; but, on consideration that my writings contain’d a description of experiments which any one might repeat and verify, and if not to be verifi’d, could not be defended; or of observations offer’d as conjectures, and not delivered dogmatically, therefore not laying me under any obligation to defend them; and reflecting that a dispute between two persons, writing in different languages, might be lengthened greatly by mistranslations, and thence misconceptions of one another’s meaning, much of one of the abbe’s letters being founded on an error in the translation, I concluded to let my papers shift for themselves, believing it was better to spend what time I could spare from public business in making new experiments, than in disputing about those already made. I therefore never answered M. Nollet, and the event gave me no cause to repent my silence; for my friend M. le Roy, of the Royal Academy of Sciences, took up my cause and refuted him; my book was translated into the Italian, German, and Latin languages; and the doctrine it contain’d was by degrees universally adopted by the philosophers of Europe, in preference to that of the abbe; so that he lived to see himself the last of his sect, except Monsieur B –, of Paris, his eleve and immediate disciple.
有一个时候我打算复信，而且已经开了一个头，但是仔细一想：我的论文讲述了实验的方法，任何人都可以重复核对，如果实验不能核实，空辩又有何用，论文里的意见是仅仅作为假设臆测提出来的，并不是武断的教条，因此我根本没有必要去辩护。同时我想到两个人使用着不同的语言，他们之间的争辩，由于翻译上的错误或由误译所引起的相互间的误解，可能大大地拖长，这位神父有一封信中的大部分的话就是由于译文中的一个错误而引起的，因此我就决定不去替这些论文辩护，我认为与其去替已经做过的实验辩护，不如把我公余的时间用来做新的实验吧。所以我从来没有回答过诺莱先生的信，以后的发展也证明我不回驳他的信是对的，因为我的朋友、皇家科学协会会员李罗先生出来替我辩护，驳斥了他的论点。我的论文集译成了意大利文、德文和拉丁文，书中的学说也逐渐地为欧洲的科学家们普遍采纳，他们抛弃了诺莱神父的学说。所以他在死前目睹他自己是他的学说的最后信奉者了，例外的是巴黎的B先生，这位先生是他的高足和承受衣钵的弟子。
What gave my book the more sudden and general celebrity, was the success of one of its proposed experiments, made by Messrs. Dalibard and De Lor at Marly, for drawing lightning from the clouds. This engag’d the public attention every where. M. de Lor, who had an apparatus for experimental philosophy, and lectur’d in that branch of science, undertook to repeat what he called the Philadelphia Experiments; and, after they were performed before the king and court, all the curious of Paris flocked to see them. I will not swell this narrative with an account of that capital experiment, nor of the infinite pleasure I receiv’d in the success of a similar one I made soon after with a kite at Philadelphia, as both are to be found in the histories of electricity.
使得我的书籍特别迅速和广泛地引起人们注意的是书中所建议的一个实验的成功，这个实验的目的是在把云中的电引到地下来，是戴立巴和德罗两先生在马莱做的，这件事轰动一时，遐迩闻名。德罗先生拥有一个实验室，并且讲授实验科学，他就着手重复他所谓“费城实验”，在国王和王后面前表演过以后，巴黎全城爱看热闹的人都蜂拥而至了。关于这个重要试验的经过以及不久以后我在费城用一只风筝做的一个类似的实验（实验获得成功，因此使我感到无限快慰），我在这里不赘言了，因为在电学史上都记载着这两件事。
Dr. Wright, an English physician, when at Paris, wrote to a friend, who was of the Royal Society, an account of the high esteem my experiments were in among the learned abroad, and of their wonder that my writings had been so little noticed in England. The society, on this, resum’d the consideration of the letters that had been read to them; and the celebrated Dr. Watson drew up a summary account of them, and of all I had afterwards sent to England on the subject, which be accompanied with some praise of the writer. This summary was then printed in their Transactions; and some members of the society in London, particularly the very ingenious Mr. Canton, having verified the experiment of procuring lightning from the clouds by a pointed rod, and acquainting them with the success, they soon made me more than amends for the slight with which they had before treated me. Without my having made any application for that honor, they chose me a member, and voted that I should be excus’d the customary payments, which would have amounted to twenty-five guineas; and ever since have given me their Transactions gratis. They also presented me with the gold medal of Sir Godfrey Copley for the year 1753, the delivery of which was accompanied by a very handsome speech of the president, Lord Macclesfield, wherein I was highly honoured.
一个叫做赖特的英国医生，当他在巴黎的时候写信给他的朋友（一个皇家学会的会员），告诉他国外的学术界非常重视我的实验，外国的学者不了解为什么我的著作在英国反而默默无闻。接到了这个消息以后，皇家学会才重新考虑以前在会中宣读过的通讯。著名的华生博士把过去曾经宣读过的和从那时以后我寄到英国去的一切有关电气的通讯做了一个扼要的报告，并且对我赞扬备至。这个报告以后就发表在他们的社刊上。有一些在伦敦的会员，特别是才智聪睿的康东先生，都证实了用一个尖针可以把云端的电引下来，他们也把结果报告给皇家学会。不久皇家学会就纠正了他们初期对我忽视的错误，并且对我十分优待，没有经过我申请，他们自动地选举我为皇家学会会员，给我这个荣誉，并且决议豁免我缴纳例行的入会费。入会费是二十五个金币，此后他们一直免费赠送给我他们的社刊。同时他们还赠送给我一七五三年高富利·柯普立爵士的金质奖章，在颁发奖章的典礼上，学会会长麦克尔费勋爵还发表了一篇非常客气的演说，对我推崇备至。
Our new governor, Captain Denny, brought over for me the before-mentioned medal from the Royal Society, which he presented to me at an entertainment given him by the city. He accompanied it with very polite expressions of his esteem for me, having, as he said, been long acquainted with my character. After dinner, when the company, as was customary at that time, were engag’d in drinking, he took me aside into another room, and acquainted me that he had been advis’d by his friends in England to cultivate a friendship with me, as one who was capable of giving him the best advice, and of contributing most effectually to the making his administration easy; that he therefore desired of all things to have a good understanding with me, and he begg’d me to be assur’d of his readiness on all occasions to render me every service that might be in his power. He said much to me, also, of the proprietor’s good disposition towards the province, and of the advantage it might be to us all, and to me in particular, if the opposition that had been so long continu’d to his measures was dropt, and harmony restor’d between him and the people; in effecting which, it was thought no one could be more serviceable than myself; and I might depend on adequate acknowledgments and recompenses, etc., etc. The drinkers, finding we did not return immediately to the table, sent us a decanter of Madeira, which the governor made liberal use of, and in proportion became more profuse of his solicitations and promises.
上述皇家学会的奖章由我们的新州长田纳上尉替我带到美洲来，在费城为他举行的招待会上他把奖章赠送给我。在给奖时他对我表达了他的敬意，措辞十分殷勤，他说他对我的品德闻名已久了。饭后，当参加宴会的人按照当时的习惯正在喝酒的时候，他把我拉到另外一间屋里，告诉我说他在英国的朋友们劝他跟我交往，他们说我能够给他最好的忠告，最能够协助他使得他的执政一帆风顺，因此他说他极愿与我友好相处，他要我知道在任何时候他都愿意尽力为我效劳。他还对我说了许多关于业主对于宾州具有善良意图的话，他说如果长期以来存在着的对业主各项措施的反抗能够放弃，使得业主与他的臣民能够言归于好的话，这对我们大家，特别对我，都会有好处。能够促成这种形势的，他说大家认为非我莫属，而且我可以获得适当的酬谢和报答云云。饮酒的人看到我们迟迟不回到餐桌旁去，叫人送来了一瓶白葡萄酒。州长就大喝起来，酒喝得愈多，他的恳求和许愿也就愈多了。
My answers were to this purpose: that my circumstances, thanks to God, were such as to make proprietary favours unnecessary to me; and that, being a member of the Assembly, I could not possibly accept of any; that, however, I had no personal enmity to the proprietary, and that, whenever the public measures he propos’d should appear to be for the good of the people, no one should espouse and forward them more zealously than myself; my past opposition having been founded on this, that the measures which had been urged were evidently intended to serve the proprietary interest, with great prejudice to that of the people; that I was much obliged to him (the governor) for his professions of regard to me, and that he might rely on every thing in my power to make his administration as easy as possible, hoping at the same time that he had not brought with him the same unfortunate instruction his predecessor had been hamper’d with.
我回答如下：我说感谢上帝我的经济情形很好，我不需要业主给我任何恩赐；同时，作为一个议员，我也无法接受业主的任何赏赐。但是，我说我和业主之间并无个人的嫌隙，任何时候只要他所提出的公共措施看来是符合人民的利益的，我一定会比别人更热烈地加以拥护和赞助。我过去之所以反对是由于业主所提倡的措施显然只为业主的利益服务，严重地损害了人民的利益。我说我十分感激他（州长）对我表示的好意，他可以相信我将尽我的力量使他的执政尽可能地顺利，同时我希望他没有像他前任那样带着不幸的指示来，这种指示曾经使他的前任束手无策。
On this he did not then explain himself; but when he afterwards came to do business with the Assembly, they appear’d again, the disputes were renewed, and I was as active as ever in the opposition, being the penman, first, of the request to have a communication of the instructions, and then of the remarks upon them, which may be found in the votes of the time, and in the Historical Review I afterward publish’d. But between us personally no enmity arose; we were often together; he was a man of letters, had seen much of the world, and was very entertaining and pleasing in conversation. He gave me the first information that my old friend Jas. Ralph was still alive; that he was esteem’d one of the best political writers in England; had been employ’d in the dispute between Prince Frederic and the king, and had obtain’d a pension of three hundred a year; that his reputation was indeed small as a poet, Pope having damned his poetry in the Dunciad; but his prose was thought as good as any man’s.
关于这一点他当时不加解释。但是当他后来开始与州议会办事时，这个指示又出现了。双方的争执又恢复了，而我还像过去一样地积极抵制，因为第一次要求州长把业主指示通知州议会的请求是我起草的，以后对于这些指示的意见也是我执笔的。这两个文件可以在当时的议决案中和我后来发表的历史记录中找到。但是在我们私人之间却并没有发生过任何仇恨，我们常常见面，他是一个学者，到过世界许多地方，谈吐十分风趣动人。他第一个告诉我，我的老友詹姆士·雷夫还活着，他被认为英国最卓越的政论家之一，他在腓特烈亲王和国王的纠纷中曾被雇用过，因此获得了一年三百镑的恩俸。作为一个诗人他的声誉确实是微不足道的，蒲柏在他的“愚人叙事诗”中曾经攻击过他的诗，但是他的散文却被认为是第一流的。
The Assembly finally finding the proprietary obstinately persisted in manacling their deputies with instructions inconsistent not only with the privileges of the people, but with the service of the crown, resolv’d to petition the king against them, and appointed me their agent to go over to England, to present and support the petition. The House had sent up a bill to the governor, granting a sum of sixty thousand pounds for the king’s use (ten thousand pounds of which was subjected to the orders of the then general, Lord Loudoun), which the governor absolutely refus’d to pass, in compliance with his instructions.
州议会终于发现业主执迷不悟地坚持用指示束缚他们的代理人州长，这种指示不但违反人民的利益，而且对英王的军务也有妨害，因此州议会州议会全体一致通过的许多议决案——何年何月？——［富兰克林写在边上的疑问］。就决定向国王去控告他们，指定我为州议会的代理人到英国去提出请愿和进行活动。在这以前州议会曾经向州长送去一个议案，这个议案拨款六万镑给英王使用（其中一万镑可由当时的将军劳登勋爵动用），但是州长按照业主的指示坚决地拒绝予以批准。
I had agreed with Captain Morris, of the paquet at New York, for my passage, and my stores were put on board, when Lord Loudoun arriv’d at Philadelphia, expressly, as he told me, to endeavor an accommodation between the governor and Assembly, that his majesty’s service might not be obstructed by their dissensions. Accordingly, he desir’d the governor and myself to meet him, that he might hear what was to be said on both sides. We met and discuss’d the business. In behalf of the Assembly, I urg’d all the various arguments that may be found in the public papers of that time, which were of my writing, and are printed with the minutes of the Assembly; and the governor pleaded his instructions; the bond he had given to observe them, and his ruin if he disobey’d, yet seemed not unwilling to hazard himself if Lord Loudoun would advise it. This his lordship did not chuse to do, though I once thought I had nearly prevail’d with him to do it; but finally he rather chose to urge the compliance of the Assembly; and he entreated me to use my endeavours with them for that purpose, declaring that he would spare none of the king’s troops for the defense of our frontiers, and that, if we did not continue to provide for that defense ourselves, they must remain expos’d to the enemy.
我已经跟一只纽约邮船的摩理斯船主约好坐他的船渡海去，我的食用必需品已经送上船去了，这时劳登勋爵忽然到费城来了，据他说，是特意来设法替州长和州议会调解的，使得英王的军务不至于因两者间的分歧而遭受到可能的阻碍。因此他要求我和州长跟他会面，使他可以听到双方的陈述。我们见了面，讨论了这个问题。我代表州议会提出了当时政府文件中指出的各种理由，这些文件是我起草的，印在州议会的纪录里。州长却用他业主的指示来辩护，他说他曾经担保遵守业主的指示，如果他违背了这些指示，他就什么都完了，但是好像他并不是不愿意去冒险一试，如果劳登勋爵劝他不遵守这些指示的话。可是劳登勋爵却不肯劝他，虽然有一个时候我以为我几乎已经说服他了，但是最后他宁可敦促州议会顺从州长的意志，他恳求我利用我在州议会中的势力来达到这个目的，他声言他不能分出英王的军队来保卫我们的边疆，如果我们自己继续不做防御准备，我们的边境就必然容易遭受敌人的袭击。
He set out for New York before me; and, as the time for dispatching the paquet-boats was at his disposition, and there were two then remaining there, one of which, he said, was to sail very soon, I requested to know the precise time, that I might not miss her by any delay of mine. His answer was, “I have given out that she is to sail on Saturday next; but I may let you know, entre nous, that if you are there by Monday morning, you will be in time, but do not delay longer.” By some accidental hinderance at a ferry, it was Monday noon before I arrived, and I was much afraid she might have sailed, as the wind was fair; but I was soon made easy by the information that she was still in the harbor, and would not move till the next day. One would imagine that I was now on the very point of departing for Europe. I thought so; but I was not then so well acquainted with his lordship’s character, of which indecision was one of the strongest features. I shall give some instances. It was about the beginning of April that I came to New York, and I think it was near the end of June before we sail’d. There were then two of the paquet-boats, which had been long in port, but were detained for the general’s letters, which were always to be ready to-morrow. Another paquet arriv’d; she too was detain’d; and, before we sail’d, a fourth was expected. Ours was the first to be dispatch’d, as having been there longest. Passengers were engag’d in all, and some extremely impatient to be gone, and the merchants uneasy about their letters, and the orders they had given for insurance (it being war time) for fall goods! but their anxiety avail’d nothing; his lordship’s letters were not ready; and yet whoever waited on him found him always at his desk, pen in hand, and concluded he must needs write abundantly.
他在我以先动身到纽约去了。因为邮船出发的时间是由他安排的。这时候有两只船在港内，其中有一只他说不久就要启碇。我请他告诉我启碇的确切日期，使我不至于因为我的耽搁而误了船期，他回答说：“我已经告诉人它将在下星期六启碇，但是我可以告诉你——这句话你可不能告诉别人——如果你在星期一上午到达码头，你还来得及，可是不要再晚了。”由于在渡船上发生了一些意外的故障，当我到达时已经是星期一的中午了，我很担忧船可能已经开走了，因为这天有顺风，但是我不久听到了它还在港内，要到第二天才启碇，我就放心了。大家也许以为我马上就要动身到欧洲去了，我也以为这样，但是当时我还不大了解劳登勋爵的性格，优柔寡断是他性格中最大的特点之一。我将举一些例子。我到纽约来是在四月初，我想到了六月底我们才启碇。当时有两只邮船留在港内已经很久了，但是为了等待这位将军的信件，这两只邮船被扣留住了，他总是说信件第二天就可以写好。另外一只邮船来了，也被扣留住了，在我们启碇之前，第四只邮船就快要来了。我们的那只最先启碇，因为它留在港内最久。所有船只的舱位全都定好了，有些旅客十分焦急地渴望着动身，商人们为他们的信件担忧，为他们替秋季货品保险的申请单担忧（因为这是战时）。但是他们的焦虑毫无用处，劳登勋爵的信还没有写好。但是去拜访他的人却看见他整日伏在案头，手里拿着笔，总以为他要写的东西一定很多哩。
I acquainted the House with what had pass’d, and, presenting them with a set of resolutions I had drawn up, declaring our rights, and that we did not relinquish our claim to those rights, but only suspended the exercise of them on this occasion thro’ force, against which we protested, they at length agreed to drop that bill, and frame another conformable to the proprietary instructions. This of course the governor pass’d, and I was then at liberty to proceed on my voyage. But, in the meantime, the paquet had sailed with my sea-stores, which was some loss to me, and my only recompense was his lordship’s thanks for my service, all the credit of obtaining the accommodation falling to his share.
我把经过的情形报告给州议会，向他们提出了我起草的一系列议决案，议决案申明我们的权利，声言我们决不放弃这种权利，这一次为暴力所逼，我们只是暂时停止行使这种权利，并且我们对这种暴力提出了抗议。最后州议会同意收回原来的议案，另外通过了一个符合业主指示的议案。这个议案州长当然批准了，因此接着我就可以渡海出国去了。但是在这当儿那只邮船已经载着我的船中食粮开走了，这对我是一笔损失，但是我唯一的酬劳是劳登勋爵感谢我帮助的几句话，这次调解的功劳却全是他的。
Going myself one morning to pay my respects, I found in his antechamber one Innis, a messenger of Philadelphia, who had come from thence express with a paquet from Governor Denny for the General. He delivered to me some letters from my friends there, which occasion’d my inquiring when he was to return, and where be lodg’d, that I might send some letters by him. He told me he was order’d to call to-morrow at nine for the general’s answer to the governor, and should set off immediately. I put my letters into his hands the same day. A fortnight after I met him again in the same place. “So, you are soon return’d, Innis?” “Returned! no, I am not gone yet.” “How so?” “I have called here by order every morning these two weeks past for his lordship’s letter, and it is not yet ready.” “Is it possible, when he is so great a writer? for I see him constantly at his escritoire.” “Yes,” says Innis, “but he is like St. George on the signs, always on horseback, and never rides on!” This observation of the messenger was, it seems, well founded; for, when in England, I understood that Mr. Pitt gave it as one reason for removing this general, and sending Generals Amherst and Wolfe, that the minister never heard from him, and could not know what he was doing.
有一天上午我自己去向他问候，我在他的会客室里看到了从费城来的一个叫做伊聂斯的使者，他是特地从费城来递交田纳州长给将军的一个小包裹的。他交给我几封费城朋友的来信，我就问他什么时候回去，耽搁在什么地方，以便我可以托他带几封信回去。他说将军命令他第二天上午九时来取将军给州长的复信，然后立刻动身。我在当天就把信交给他。两星期以后我又在老地方遇见了他。“好，你这么快又回来了，伊聂斯？”“回来了！不，我还没有去呢！”“这是怎么的？”“这两个星期以来我每天上午奉命到这里来拿劳登勋爵的信，信总是还没有写好。”“这怎么会呢？他是这样一个勤于动笔的人，我看他不断地坐在案头书写哩！”伊聂斯说：“是呀，但是他活像广告上的圣乔治一样，永远骑在马上，却寸步不前。”这位使者的观察似乎是颇有道理的，因为当我在英国的时候，我听到庇特先生撤换这位将军，派遣安麦斯特和乌尔佛两位将军，他的一个理由就是陆军部长从未接到他的报告，无法知道他在干些什么。
This daily expectation of sailing, and all the three paquets going down to Sandy Hook, to join the fleet there, the passengers thought it best to be on board, lest by a sudden order the ships should sail, and they be left behind. There, if I remember right, we were about six weeks, consuming our sea-stores, and oblig’d to procure more.
由于每天期待着启碇，同时三艘邮船都要开到散地·胡克去跟随舰队，乘客们认为最好是守在船上，万一邮船突然接到命令启碇，他们也就不会被丢在岸上了。假如我没有记错的话，我们在船上就这样呆了约六个星期，消耗了船中食粮，不得不又去添购。
At length the fleet sail’d, the General and all his army on board, bound to Louisburg, with intent to besiege and take that fortress; all the paquet-boats in company ordered to attend the General’s ship, ready to receive his dispatches when they should be ready. We were out five days before we got a letter with leave to part, and then our ship quitted the fleet and steered for England. The other two paquets he still detained, carried them with him to Halifax, where he stayed some time to exercise the men in sham attacks upon sham forts, then alter’d his mind as to besieging Louisburg, and return’d to New York, with all his troops, together with the two paquets above mentioned, and all their passengers! During his absence the French and savages had taken Fort George, on the frontier of that province, and the savages had massacred many of the garrison after capitulation.
最后舰队终于启碇了，那位将军和他的全军都坐了船到路易堡去，目的是去围攻和夺取那个要塞，所有随行的邮船接到命令要伺候将军的坐船，等到他的公文一写好就可立刻接过来。我们在海上等了五天，才接到一封公文，准许我们离开，到了这时候我们的船才离开舰队，首途赴英。其他两只邮船他继续扣留着，把它们带到哈黎法克斯，在那里他停留了一个时间，训练他的部队向假设炮台进行攻击演习，接着他放弃了攻打路易堡的计划，带着全部人马跟上述两只邮船和船上的全体乘客回到纽约去了！在他离开大陆期间，法国人和印第安人攻下了纽约边境上的乔治堡，印第安人并且屠杀了许多已经投降了的士兵。
On the whole, I wonder’d much how such a man came to be intrusted with so important a business as the conduct of a great army; but, having since seen more of the great world, and the means of obtaining, and motives for giving places, my wonder is diminished. General Shirley, on whom the command of the army devolved upon the death of Braddock, would, in my opinion, if continued in place, have made a much better campaign than that of Loudoun in 1757, which was frivolous, expensive, and disgraceful to our nation beyond conception; for, tho’ Shirley was not a bred soldier, he was sensible and sagacious in himself, and attentive to good advice from others, capable of forming judicious plans, and quick and active in carrying them into execution. Loudoun, instead of defending the colonies with his great army, left them totally expos’d while he paraded idly at Halifax, by which means Fort George was lost, besides, he derang’d all our mercantile operations, and distress’d our trade, by a long embargo on the exportation of provisions, on pretence of keeping supplies from being obtain’d by the enemy, but in reality for beating down their price in favor of the contractors, in whose profits, it was said, perhaps from suspicion only, he had a share. And, when at length the embargo was taken off, by neglecting to send notice of it to Charlestown, the Carolina fleet was detain’d near three months longer, whereby their bottoms were so much damaged by the worm that a great part of them foundered in their passage home.
从大处来说，我觉得十分奇怪为什么人们会把像指挥大军那样的重大任务托付给这样一个人。但是后来我阅世较深，熟悉了攫取职位的方法和封官赐禄的动机之后，我就不再惊奇了。在我看来，如果继布剌多克而掌握军权的瑟力将军不被免职的话，在一七五七年的战役中，战绩一定会好得多，而劳登勋爵在这次战役中却轻举妄动，铺张浪费，使我们的国家民族遭受到难以想象的耻辱，因为虽然瑟力并未受过军事教育，但是他通情达理，精明机警，能够接受别人正确的劝告，决断英明，执行计划时迅速敏捷。劳登不用他的大军去保卫殖民地，而让他们去遭受敌人的侵袭，可是他自己却吊儿郎当地在哈黎法克斯练兵，这样就丢掉了乔治堡。他搅乱了我们所有的商业活动，长期禁运粮食出口，因而使我们的商业感到走投无路。虽然禁运粮食出口的借口是为了不使敌人获得粮秣，但在实际上只是为了压低粮价，以便军中伙食承包人可以从中渔利，据说（可能这只是猜疑）他还接受了承包人的贿赂哩。最后当禁运令撤销时，因为忘了把这个通知送到查勒士敦去，却使卡罗来纳的舰队多停留了几乎三月之久，因此使得它们船底严重地受到了蛀虫的侵蚀，以致其中一大部分船只在归途中沉没了。
I saw also in London one of Bonnell’s passengers, who was so enrag’d against his lordship for deceiving and detaining him so long at New York, and then carrying him to Halifax and back again, that he swore he would sue for damages. Whether he did or not, I never heard; but, as he represented the injury to his affairs, it was very considerable.
在伦敦我也遇见了鲍纳尔船长的一位乘客，因为劳登勋爵欺骗了他，把他长期扣留在纽约，以后把他带到哈黎法克斯，又把他带回纽约，他气愤极了，发誓要提出诉讼，请求赔偿损失。究竟他以后是否提出诉讼，我不知道，但是根据他所讲的，他所遭受的损失是十分巨大的。
I saw afterwards in London Captain Bonnell, who commanded one of those paquets. He told me that, when he had been detain’d a month, he acquainted his lordship that his ship was grown foul, to a degree that must necessarily hinder her fast sailing, a point of consequence for a paquetboat, and requested an allowance of time to heave her down and clean her bottom. He was asked how long time that would require. He answer’d, three days. The general replied, “If you can do it in one day, I give leave; otherwise not; for you must certainly sail the day after to-morrow.” So he never obtain’d leave, though detained afterwards from day to day during full three months.
以后在伦敦我遇见鲍纳尔船长，他是当时指挥其中的一只邮船的。他告诉我说，当他被扣留了一个月以后，他告诉劳登勋爵他的船底长满了海藻贝壳等物，已经到了必然会影响它航行速度的程度，这对邮船来说是很严重的，因此请求允许他一些时间，以便把船拉起来清除船底。将军问他需要多少时间，他回答说三天。将军回答说：“如果你能够一天就搞好，我就答应，否则不行，因为后天你一定要启碇了。”这样这位船长的请求从未获得批准，虽然事后这只船一天又一天地被扣留了足足三个月之久。
While I was, as afore mention’d, detain’d at New York, I receiv’d all the accounts of the provisions, etc., that I had furnish’d to Braddock, some of which accounts could not sooner be obtain’d from the different persons I had employ’d to assist in the business. I presented them to Lord Loudoun, desiring to be paid the ballance. He caus’d them to be regularly examined by the proper officer, who, after comparing every article with its voucher, certified them to be right; and the balance due for which his lordship promis’d to give me an order on the paymaster. This was, however, put off from time to time; and, tho’ I call’d often for it by appointment, I did not get it. At length, just before my departure, he told me he had, on better consideration, concluded not to mix his accounts with those of his predecessors. “And you,” says he, “when in England, have only to exhibit your accounts at the treasury, and you will be paid immediately.”
在我上述逗留纽约期间，我收到了我替布剌多克采办粮秣等物的各种账单，在这以前，其中有些账单我还来不及从我所雇用的各采办员那里收回，我把账单送到劳登勋爵处，请求付偿余数。他命令主管人员对这些账单加以彻底的审查，那位军官核对每一张付款凭单以后，证明账目和差额准确无误，劳登勋爵就应允给我一张发款员的支票。但是他一再拖延，虽然我经常按照约定时间去取，我一直没有拿到。最后，在我动身前，他告诉我说经过仔细考虑以后，他决定不把他的账款和他前任的账款混在一起。他说：“你到了英国，只要把你的账单呈送国库，他们马上就会把余款还给你的。”
Shirley was, I believe, sincerely glad of being relieved from so burdensome a charge as the conduct of an army must be to a man unacquainted with military business. I was at the entertainment given by the city of New York to Lord Loudoun, on his taking upon him the command. Shirley, tho’ thereby superseded, was present also. There was a great company of officers, citizens, and strangers, and, some chairs having been borrowed in the neighborhood, there was one among them very low, which fell to the lot of Mr. Shirley. Perceiving it as I sat by him, I said, “They have given you, sir, too low a seat.” “No matter,” says he, “Mr. Franklin, I find a low seat the easiest.”
对于一个不熟识军事的人，指挥一支大军必然是一个极沉重的负担，因此我相信瑟力被免职，他自己倒是真正乐意的。我参加了劳登勋爵接任时纽约市民为他举行的宴会。瑟力虽然已经免了职，也出席了宴会。当时有很多军官、市民和陌生人出席，有一些椅子是向邻近居民借来的，其中有一把椅子很低，却想不到瑟力恰巧坐在上面。我坐在他旁边看到了，我就说：“先生，他们给你的座位太低了。”他说：“没有关系，富兰克林先生，我觉得低的座位最舒适。”
I mention’d, but without effect, the great and unexpected expense I had been put to by being detain’d so long at New York, as a reason for my desiring to be presently paid; and on my observing that it was not right I should be put to any further trouble or delay in obtaining the money I had advanc’d, as I charged no commission for my service, “0, sir,” says he, “you must not think of persuading us that you are no gainer; we understand better those affairs, and know that every one concerned in supplying the army finds means, in the doing it, to fill his own pockets.” I assur’d him that was not my case, and that I had not pocketed a farthing; but he appear’d clearly not to believe me; and, indeed, I have since learnt that immense fortunes are often made in such employments. As to my ballance, I am not paid it to this day, of which more hereafter.
我提到（但是毫无效果）我被迫长期逗留在纽约，因而使我不得不支出巨大而意外的费用，所以我要求立即付款。我指出我办理采购并未支取佣金，因此他们应当立即偿还我垫付的款项，不应当再增加我的麻烦，也不应当再事拖延。听到这句话，他说：“唉，先生，你不要以为你能使我们相信你没有得到什么好处，这些事情我们很了解，我们知道所有与军队采办有关的人都有办法从中中饱。”我使他确信我的情况并非如此，我并没有因此赚一文钱，但是他显然不相信我的话，以后我确实听说有人常从这种工作中发了大财。至于欠我的余数，到今天还没有偿还，以后我还要提到。
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