Man differs from animal species in many ways. Biologically the difference is minor but in mind there are many differences. Man lives in the world of ideas, and acts and reacts in terms of concepts about objects and organizations. The animals live only in the present, they are not possessed of language, and their knowledge is limited to instinct or what they learn by direct and present observations. Their learning does not accumulate except for what they can presently use. Man on the other hand can simultaneously look into the past, present and future. He possesses the capacity to talk, to respond, to represent, to accumulate knowledge and to learn from the stimulus response relationships. These peculiar elements in the make-up of man provide a long history and tradition of wisdom, accumulated in various forms of civilization from which culture grows and continues flowing. The fundamentals of culture developed by past generations serve as the foundation stone to the next generation. The new generation further adds to the past accumulation of civilization and culture and enables man to continually assimilate in the stream of culture. Thus man continues to live as a civilized and cultured member of society.
人类与动物物种有许多不同之处。从生物学上来说，这种差异是微不足道的，但在心理上却有许多不同之处。人生活在思想的世界里，根据对象和组织的概念行动和反应。这些动物只生活在当下，他们不具备语言能力，他们的知识仅限于本能或者他们通过直接和当下的观察所学到的东西。他们的学识不会积累，除非他们现在能够使用。另一方面，人类可以同时观察过去、现在和未来。他具有说话、回应、表达、积累知识和从刺激反应关系中学习的能力。这些构成人类的特殊元素提供了一个长期的历史和智慧传统，积累在各种形式的文明中，文化从中成长和持续流动。上一代人发展起来的文化基础是下一代人的基石。新一代人进一步丰富了过去的文明和文化积淀，使人不断地融入文化之流。因此，人类继续作为一个文明和有教养的社会成员生活。
What does culture do? The first function of culture is to make man a human being. It is culture that regulates his conduct and prepares him for group life. It teaches him the art of living as per the cultural traits of the group. He takes the food, wears the clothes, goes to school, speaks the language and does so many other little things of day-to-day life which are a part of the conventional norms, mores, laws, customs and morals of the group. The culture of a group plays a major part in the heightening human qualities of its individuals and save them from avoiding participation in the cultural stream.
文化是做什么的？文化的首要功能是使人成为人。正是这种文化规范了他的行为，为他的群体生活做好了准备。它根据这个群体的文化特征来教他生活的艺术。他吃饭，穿衣服，上学，会说英语，还做许多其他日常生活中的小事，这些都是这个群体的传统规范、习俗、法律、习俗和道德的一部分。一个群体的文化在提高其个人的人文素质和避免他们逃避参与文化潮流方面发挥着重要作用。
Scientific inventions and discoveries greatly influence cultural variability. They affect tradition, customs, beliefs and faiths. They not only affect the present and future ideology of society but also practically bring about changes in artistic products and cultural environment. They quite often undermine the spiritual aspect of cultural life and provide material patterns. Inventions and discoveries bring about changes in the mode of production, art, morals, customs, laws, literature, etc. the changing mode of production affects the culture. Karl Marx held that the culture of capitalist countries differed from that of socialist countries because of the differences in the modes of production.
科学的发明和发现极大地影响着文化的多样性。它们影响传统、风俗、信仰和信仰。它们不仅影响着现在和未来社会的意识形态，而且在实践中也带来了艺术品和文化环境的变化。它们往往破坏文化生活的精神层面，并提供物质模式。发明和发现带来了生产方式、艺术、道德、习俗、法律、文学等方面的变化，这些变化影响着生产方式的变化文化。马克思认为，由于生产方式的不同，资本主义国家的文化不同于社会主义国家的文化。
The culture of the group must give to its individual the capacity to lead a social life as an effective member of society. With the induction of the individual as an effective participant in the social life of the group, one can greatly gain by the utilization of energy of the individual in different constructive activities, which not only provides satisfaction on to the individual but also benefits the group.
群体文化必须赋予个人作为社会有效成员领导社会生活的能力。将个人归纳为群体社会生活的有效参与者，在不同的建设性活动中利用个人的能量，不仅能使个人感到满意，而且能使群体受益。
The second important role of culture is to keep social relationship intact so that the group as a whole can maintain and develop the values and ideals of the group through the regulation of behaviors of its members and by satisfying their primary needs and objectives in respect of the necessities and luxuries of life. People learn to behave socially in a group because their behavior is subject to approval or disapproval.
文化的第二个重要作用是保持社会关系的完整性，使整个群体能够通过调节其成员的行为，满足他们在生活必需品和奢侈品方面的基本需要和目标，来维护和发展群体的价值观和理想。人们在一个群体中学习社会化行为，因为他们的行为受到赞同或反对的影响。
The culture of a group provides a number of controls on the irrational conducts for its members. It organizes many cultural aids like schooling, provision of work, outlet to talent, etc. these outlets go to provide rationality and responsibility to the members and integrate them mentally, morally and sentimentally in the group. A culturally advanced group is also capable of providing a coordinated set-up to take the best out of each member and in return give the necessary comfort for personal development, recreation and emotional living. It must also provide other facilities for broadening the vision of the individual members so as to provide necessary motivations for creation in different fields of social activity including production of pieces of art, handicrafts and scientific implements and equipments which the group may need for the satisfaction of its different cultural and material requirements.
一个群体的文化为其成员提供了一些对非理性行为的控制。它组织许多文化援助，如学校教育、工作提供、人才出口等，这些渠道向成员提供理性和责任感，并将他们在精神上、道德上和情感上融入团队。一个文化先进的团体也能够提供一个协调的结构，使每个成员发挥最大的潜力，并作为回报，为个人发展、娱乐和情感生活提供必要的安慰。它还必须为扩大个别成员的视野提供其他便利，以便为包括生产在内的不同社会活动领域的创造提供必要的动机，艺术品、手工艺品、科学工具和设备，以满足团体不同的文化和物质需求。
The next important function of culture is to instantly provide new interpretation to different situations arising from the traditional cultural elements transmitted to the group. Provision of interpretation to traditional culture helps the reorientation of present and future cultural trends, putting them on the right track. For instance, in the modern era it is the duty of the school and other institution of a group to tell its members that if a cat crosses his way he needs not consider it unfortunate and give up the new projects, which is needed in the modern norms of society.
文化的下一个重要功能是对传递给群体的传统文化元素所产生的不同情况立即提供新的解释。提供对传统文化的解释有助于重新定位当前和未来的文化趋势，使它们走上正确的轨道。例如，在现代社会，学校和其他机构有责任告诉其成员，如果一只猫越过它的道路，它不需要认为这是不幸的，并放弃新的项目，这是现代社会规范所需要的。
The principle of cultural diffusion has been advocated by three German scholars. Cultural diffusion is the process by which the cultural trades of one group of society are spread directly or indirectly to other societies. It is historically established that some societies have served as centers of cultural unification. After the birth of Christ was born a cultural center, from where many cultural trades in the field of art and political organization got diffused to the northwestern Europe and to the east up to India. Subsequently Rome became a great cultural center from where Roman law spread in most countries of Europe. In ancient time India was the cultural center from where many cultural trade spread eastward up to Indonesia and passed through the fourteenth century. European culture became the dominant element in Asia and Africa and even America. At present the United States and Russia are exporting their respective cultures to different countries.
三位德国学者提出了文化传播原则。文化传播是一个社会群体的文化交易直接或间接地传播到其他社会的过程。有些社会历来被认为是文化统一的中心。基督诞生后，这里成为了一个文化中心，艺术和政治组织领域的许多文化交易从这里扩散到了西北欧和印度东部。随后，罗马成为一个伟大的文化中心，罗马法从那里传播到欧洲的大多数国家。在古代，印度是文化中心，许多文化贸易从那里向东扩展到印度尼西亚，并贯穿了整个14世纪。欧洲文化成为亚洲、非洲甚至美洲的主导因素。目前，美国和俄罗斯正把各自的文化输出到不同的国家。
However, these interpretations based on tradition may differ from culture to culture. Among some cultures the owl may still be regarded as a symbol of bad luck while in others it may be symbol of wisdom.
然而，这些基于传统的解释可能因文化不同而有所不同。在一些文化中，猫头鹰可能仍然被视为坏运气的象征，而在其他文化中，它可能是智慧的象征。
Obstruction to cultural diffusion may sometimes arise from the refusal of a group to borrow or import from the other group. Such a group tends to become an island of local culture untouched by the culturally developed countries. Sometimes a cultural island may exist within a larger cultural island. For example, in India the caste system that has separated Brahmins from the other social groups for many generations on supposed biological superiority may reject a foreign cultural form, as they fear its impact on the prevailing moral norms and social values. It is for this reason that cultural centers of new values find it more expeditious to invade foreign cultures through such means as the mass media. This process, although indirect and slow, has in due course a lasting impact as it appeals to the coming generations of the foreign countries which are still not fully socialized to the local cultures. For example, the young age groups in India were subjected to cultural influence of the Beatles for quite a long time.
文化传播的障碍有时可能来自一个群体拒绝从另一个群体借用或进口。这一群体往往成为文化发达国家未触及的地方文化孤岛。有时一个文化孤岛可能存在于一个更大的文化孤岛中。例如，在印度，种姓制度将婆罗门与其他社会群体隔离了许多代，因为所谓的生物优越性，这种制度可能会拒绝外国文化形式，因为他们担心这种形式会影响到现行的道德规范和社会价值。正是出于这个原因，具有新价值观的文化中心发现，通过大众传媒等手段侵入外国文化更为迅速。这一进程虽然间接而缓慢，但在适当的时候产生了持久的影响，因为它吸引了仍未完全融入当地文化的后代国家。例如，印度的年轻人长期受到披头士乐队的文化影响。
Several factors influence the diffusion of culture. The foremost is the capacity of the cultural center to inspire other countries to import the culture. The most important vehicle of cultural diffusion is mass communication, tourism, and exchange of educational and cultural delegations and teams, literature, films, etc.
影响文化传播的几个因素。最重要的是文化中心激发其他国家引进文化的能力。文化传播最重要的载体是大众传播、旅游、教育和文化代表团和团队、文学、电影等的交流。
0 条评论